Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas Apartheid

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country Foreign direct investment (FDI)

Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

Migration to a new location Immigration

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern or Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher paying jobs Guest Workers

The physical character of a place Site

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity Vernacular Region

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area Greenbelt

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road Peripheral model

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within a boundary Redlining

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there Nationality

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act Custom

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages Lingua franca

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location Universalizing religion

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated Creolized language

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state Centripetal force

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials Secondary sector

The BRIC countries Brazil, Russia, India, China (and now South Africa)

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers Outsourcing

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries New international division of labor

The minimum number of people needed to support the service threshold

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement Basic industries

The potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service Gravity Model

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom taboo

Permanent movement within a country Internal migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country Intraregional migration

The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation Space-time compression

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected Stimulus diffusion

The portion of Earth’s surface not occupied by permanent human settlement Non-ecumene

The scientific study of population characteristics demography

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities balkanization

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power Gerrymandering

An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension Prorupted state

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of a central government Unitary state

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures transhumance

A flooded field for growing rice sawah

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of the land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizers and pesticides Sustainable agriculture

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England in the 1700s Enclosure Movement

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement Rank-size rule

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers Urban renewal