tutor2u ™ Alternatives to profit maximisation Departures from profit maximisation Alternatives to profit maximisation

tutor2u ™ Herbert Simon - The Satisficing Principle Satisficing = Satisfy + Suffice No business can process all the factors affecting the marketing/pricing of a product, in the hope of maximising profit This theory is known as “bounded rationality”bounded rationality The complexity of decision- making may lead to managers following “rules of thumb” rather than seek optimal decisions all of the time

tutor2u ™ Firm Objectives: Profit Maximisation Traditional Maximising Goals Profit Maximisation This objective assumes that owners control the management of the business Also requires sufficient and accurate knowledge of cost and revenue conditions in the market so that MR and MC can be found The neo-classical assumption of all firms behaving in a manner that seeks to maximise profits is now questioned

tutor2u ™ Profit maximisation Output Price & Cost AR MC AC MR P1 AC Q1

tutor2u ™ Alternatives to Profit Maximisation Sales revenue maximisation is achieved when MR = zero – beyond the output which maximises profits Normal profits - if a business wants to maximise output subject to making at least normal profit (I.e. the break-even output), then it will produce up to the output where AR = ATC Shareholders may introduce a constraint on the price and output decisions of managers – this is known as constrained sales revenue maximisation

tutor2u ™ Revenue maximisation Output Price & Cost AR MC AC MR P2 AC Q2

tutor2u ™ Normal profits Output Price & Cost AR MC AC MR P3=AC Q3

tutor2u ™ Minimum Profit Constraint Motivations? Desire to receive an acceptable distribution of company profits from interim and final dividends Dilution of profits may have a negative effect on the company’s share price on the stock market In this way the stock market acts as a check on the behaviour and performance of each quoted company Output may change depending on whether or not sales revenue maximisation takes profits below this minimum level

tutor2u ™ The Rise of Social Entrepreneurship A social enterprise is a business that has primarily social objectives whose surpluses are reinvested for that purpose in the business or the community, rather than being driven by the need to seek profit to satisfy investors. A social enterprise is looking to achieve social and environmental aims over the long term. They may be profit seeking – but it is what they do with their profits that makes the difference

tutor2u ™ Examples of social enterprises Café Direct Fair Trade Traidcraft Divine Chocolate Eden Project Housing Associations Fifteen Foundation Fair Finance First Fruit Greenwich Leisure Brentford FCBrentford FC.

tutor2u ™ Not for profit businesses These are charities, community organisations that are run on commercial lines - an example is Network Rail Network RailNetwork Rail - Took over the rail network in October 2002 Stated purpose is to deliver a safe, reliable and efficient railway for Britain. It is a company limited by guarantee – whose debts are secured by the government Network RailNetwork Rail is a private company operating as a commercial business and regulated by the Office of Rail RegulationOffice of Rail Regulation Network Rail is a "not-for-dividend" company, which means that all of its profits are invested in the railway network. Train operating companies pay Network Rail for use of the rail infrastructure