Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-1 Prepared by Shafiq Jadallah To Accompany Fundamentals of Multinational Finance Michael H. Moffett, Arthur.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
1 Currency and Interest Rate Swaps Chapter Objective: This chapter discusses currency and interest rate swaps, which are relatively new instruments for.
Advertisements

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 16-1 Prepared by Shafiq Jadallah To Accompany Fundamentals of Multinational Finance Michael H. Moffett, Arthur.
Hedging Foreign Exchange Exposures. Hedging Strategies Recall that most firms (except for those involved in currency-trading) would prefer to hedge their.
Chapter 8 Transaction Exposure.
Transaction Exposure (or chapter 8).
McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments.
Chapter 9 Operating Exposure. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 9-2 Operating Exposure Operating exposure, also called economic.
Page 1 International Finance Lecture 8. Page 2 International Finance Course topics –Foundations of International Financial Management –World Financial.
Welcome to class of International Financial Management by Dr. Satyendra Singh University of Winnipeg Canada.
1 Chapter 17 Financial Management. 2 Learning Objectives To understand how value is measured and managed across the multiple units of the multinational.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Statement of Cash Flows Chapter 13.
Foreign Exchange Exposure What is it and How it Affects the Multinational Firm?
© 1999 by Robert F. Halsey In this chapter, we will cover the four financial statements that are provided by companies to shareholders and other interested.
Types of Foreign Exchange Exposures
Lecture 10: Understanding Foreign Exchange Exposure The Types of Foreign Exchange Exposure Facing Global Firms and Global Investors.
MEASURING ACCOUNTING EXPOSURE I. ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE II. ALTERNATIVE CURRENCY TRANSLATION METHODS III. STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL.
Chapter 15 International Business Finance Key sections –Factors affecting exchange rates –Nature of exchange risk and types –How control exchange risk?
Chapter 8 Transaction Exposure.
Chapter 15 International Business Finance Key sections –Factors affecting exchange rates –Nature of exchange risk and types –How control exchange risk?
International Finance Chapters 12, 13, and 14 Foreign Exchange Exposure.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Advanced Accounting 8/e, Beams/Anthony/Clement/Lowensohn Foreign Currency Concepts and Transactions Chapter.
Operating Exposure (or chapter 9).
International Financial Markets By- Rahul Jain. Foreign Exchange Rate Determination Determined by Demand and Supply Determined by Demand and Supply This.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Reporting and Interpreting Liabilities Chapter 9.
Slide 1 of 32 Slides developed by Jeff Madura, with additions and enhancements by Tim Richardson.
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license.
Multinational Business Finance 5/21/
Lecture 12: Managing Foreign Exchange Exposure with Operational Hedges
International Business 9e
Lecture 10: Understanding Foreign Exchange Exposure
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 12-1 Prepared by Shafiq Jadallah To Accompany Fundamentals of Multinational Finance Michael H. Moffett, Arthur.
Multinational Business Finance 723g33
Chapter 11 Operating Exposure.
Financial Management and Accounting McGraw-Hill/Irwin International Business, 11/e Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-1 Prepared by Shafiq Jadallah To Accompany Fundamentals of Multinational Finance Michael H. Moffett, Arthur.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT
Chapter 10 Operating Exposure.
VOLATILE EXCHANGE RATES CAN PUT OPERATIONS AT RISK: The Importance, Measurement and Management of Operating Exposure.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 14-1 Prepared by Shafiq Jadallah To Accompany Fundamentals of Multinational Finance Michael H. Moffett, Arthur.
McGraw-Hill/ Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Multinational Accounting: Translation of Foreign Entity.
1 Transaction Exposure Transaction exposure measures gains or losses that arise from the settlement of existing financial obligations whose terms are stated.
Accounting Exposure Translation exposure measures the change in the book value of the assets and liabilities excluding stockholders equity as residual.
10/23/2015Multinational Corporate Finance Prof. R.A. Michelfelder 1 Outline 7 7. Measuring and Managing Economic Exposure 7.1Value of the MC 7.2 Types.
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE Lecture 25. Review – Identify its degree of transaction exposure. – Decide whether to hedge this exposure. – Choose a hedging technique.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Operating Exposure.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 10-1 Prepared by Shafiq Jadallah To Accompany Fundamentals of Multinational Finance Michael H. Moffett, Arthur.
(C) 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc.2-1 The Balance Sheet-Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity “Old accountants never die; they just lose their balance” --Anonymous.
Financial Management and Accounting McGraw-Hill/Irwin International Business, 11/e Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Managing Economic Exposure And Translation Exposure
Translation Exposure Chapter Ten Eitman, Stonehill, and Moffett January 17, 20161ESM Chapter Ten - Translation Exposure.
©2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited 1 of International Financial Management Prepared by: Michel Paquet SAIT Polytechnic ©2009 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
6-1 The Foreign Exchange Market. Introduction: It is very important for managers to understand the working of the foreign exchange market and the potential.
Chapter 10 Transaction Exposure Management. © 2013 Pearson Education1-2© 2013 Pearson Education1-2© 2013 Pearson Education1-2© 2013 Pearson Education1-2©
The Foreign Exchange Market
Foreign Exchange Exposure. What is Foreign Exchange Exposure? Simply put, foreign exchange exposure is the risk associated with activities that involve.
Understanding Foreign Exchange Exposure In this lecture we will discuss the types of foreign exchange exposure facing global firms and global investors.
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments.
Managing Transaction Exposure C H A P T E R 11. Chapter Overview A. Transaction Exposure B. Hedging Exposure to Payables C. Hedging Exposure to Receivables.
Rates for PKR/US$ are quoted as follows: Rates for PKR/US$ are quoted as follows: Spot – Spot – month –
Foreign Exchange Exposure
Managing Foreign Exchange Exposure with Operational Hedges
Measuring Exposure To Exchange Rate Fluctuations
Chapter 13 Cash Flow Statement. Chapter 13 Cash Flow Statement.
Managing Transaction Exposure
Managing Transaction Exposure
Exchange Rate Fluctuations
Lecture 10: Understanding Foreign Exchange Exposure
THE STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS REVISITED
Measuring Exposure to Exchange Rate Fluctuations
Presentation transcript:

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-1 Prepared by Shafiq Jadallah To Accompany Fundamentals of Multinational Finance Michael H. Moffett, Arthur I. Stonehill, David K. Eiteman Chapter 9 Operating Exposure

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-2 Chapter 9 Operating Exposure  Learning Objectives Examine how operating exposure arises through the unexpected changes in both operating and financing cash flows Analyze how unexpected exchange rate changes alter the economic performance of a business unit through the sequence of volume, price, cost and other key variable changes Evaluate strategic alternatives to managing operating exposure Detail the proactive policies firms use in managing operating exposure

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-3 Operating Exposure  Measuring the operating exposure of a firm requires forecasting and analyzing all the firm’s future individual transaction exposures together with the future exposure of all the firm’s competitors and potential competitors Example: Eastman Kodak has a transaction exposures from present and future sales abroad The sum of these future exposures will have an effect on Kodak’s cash flows as exchange rates change Kodak’s value and competitiveness depends on these cash flows and whether or not it can manage them better than their competition  This long term view is the objective of operating exposure analysis

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-4 Operating & Financing Cash Flows  Operating cash flows arise from intercompany and intracompany receivables and payables, rent and lease payments, royalty and licensing fees, and other associated fees  Financing cash flows are payments for the use of inter and intracompany loans and stockholder equity

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-5 Operating & Financing Cash Flows SubsidiaryParent Operational Cash Flows Payment for goods & services Rent and lease payments Royalties and license fees Management fees & distributed overhead Financial Cash Flows Dividend paid to parent Parent invested equity capital Interest on intrafirm lending Intrafirm principal payments

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-6 Expected Versus Unexpected Changes in Cash Flows  Operating exposure is far more important for the long- run health of a business than changes caused by transaction or translation exposure Planning for operating exposure is total management responsibility since it depends on the interaction of strategies in finance, marketing, purchasing, and production An expected change in exchange rates is not included in the definition of operating exposure because management and investors should have factored this into their analysis of anticipated operating results and market value

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-7 Trident’s Operating Exposure  Trident derives much of its reported profits from its German subsidiary and there has been an unexpected change in the value of the euro thus affecting Trident significantly  Trident’s German subsidiary is operating in a euro- denominated competitive environment The subsidiary’s profitability and performance will be impacted by any changes in performance and pricing from its suppliers and customers as a result of changes in the US$/euro exchange rate

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-8 Trident’s Operating Exposure Trident Europe (Hamburg, Germany) Euro Competitive Environment Trident Corporation (Los Angeles, USA) US$ Reporting Environment US$/€ Trident’s SuppliersTrident’s Customers An unexpected depreciation in the value of the euro alters both the competitiveness of the subsidiary and the financial results which are consolidated with the parent company. Will costs change? How will the sales, costs, and profits of the German subsidiary change? Will the altered profits of the German subsidiary, in euro, translate into more or less in US dollars? Will prices & sales volume change?

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-9 Trident’s Operating Exposure  Trident Europe manufactures in Germany from European material and labor  Half of production is sold within Europe the other half is exported to non-European countries  All sales are invoiced in euros and average collection period is 90 days  Inventory is equal to 25% of annual direct costs  Depreciation is €600,000 per annum  Corporate tax is 34% in Germany

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-10 Trident’s Operating Exposure

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-11 Trident’s Operating Exposure  Assume that on January 1, 2003 the euro unexpectedly drops 16.67% in value from $1.200/€ to $1.000/€ If no devaluation had occurred, Trident Europe was expected to perform as shown in the base case To illustrate let us assume three various post- devaluation scenarios on Trident Europe’s operating exposures –Case 1: Devaluation, no change in any variable –Case 2: Increase in sales volume only –Case 3: Increase in sales price only

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-12 Case 1: Devaluation only  Insert income statement chart

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-13 Case 2: Increase in Sales Volume  Insert income statement chart

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-14 Case 3: Increase in Sales Price  Insert income statement chart

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-15 Strategic Management of Operating Exposure  The objective of both operating and transaction exposure management is to anticipate and influence the effect of unexpected changes in exchange rates on a firm’s future cash flows  To meet this objective, management can diversify the firm’s operating and financing base  Management can also change the firm’s operating and financing policies

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-16 Diversifying Operations  Diversifying operations means diversifying the firm’s sales, location of production facilities, and raw material sources  If a firm is diversified, management is prepositioned to both recognize disequilibrium when it occurs and react competitively  Recognizing a temporary change in worldwide competitive conditions permits management to make changes in operating strategies

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-17 Diversifying Financing  Diversifying the financing base means raising funds in more than one capital market and in more than one currency  If a firm is diversified, management is prepositioned to take advantage of temporary deviations from the International Fisher effect

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-18 Proactive Management of Operating Exposure  Operating and transaction exposures can be partially managed by adopting operating or financing policies that offset anticipated currency exposures  Four of the most commonly employed proactive policies are Matching currency cash flows Risk-sharing agreements Back-to-back or parallel loans Currency swaps

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-19 Matching Currency Cash Flows  One way to offset an anticipated continuous long exposure to a particular currency is to acquire debt denominated in that currency  This policy results in a continuous receipt of payment and a continuous outflow in the same currency  This can sometimes occur through the conduct of regular operations and is referred to as a natural hedge

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-20 Matching Currency Cash Flows U.S. Corporation Canadian Corporation (buyer of goods) Exports goods to Canada Payment for goods in Canadian dollars Exposure: The sale of goods to Canada creates a foreign currency exposure from the inflow of Canadian dollars Principal and interest payments on debt in Canadian dollars Canadian Bank (loans funds) US Corp borrows Canadian dollar debt from Canadian Bank Hedge: The Canadian dollar debt payments act as a financial hedge by requiring debt service, an outflow of Canadian dollars

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-21 Currency Clauses: Risk-sharing  Risk-sharing is a contractual arrangement in which the buyer and seller agree to “share” or split currency movement impacts on payments Example: Ford purchases from Mazda in Japanese yen at the current spot rate as long as the spot rate is between ¥115/$ and ¥125/$. If the spot rate falls outside of this range, Ford and Mazda will share the difference equally If on the date of invoice, the spot rate is ¥110/$, then Mazda would agree to accept a total payment which would result from the difference of ¥115/$- ¥110/$ (i.e. ¥5)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-22 Currency Clauses: Risk-sharing  Ford’s payment to Mazda would therefore be  Note that this movement is in Ford’s favor, however if the yen depreciated to ¥130/$ Mazda would be the beneficiary of the risk-sharing agreement

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-23 Back-to-Back Loans  A back-to-back loan, also referred to as a parallel loan or credit swap, occurs when two firms in different countries arrange to borrow each other’s currency for a specific period of time The operation is conducted outside the FOREX markets, although spot quotes may be used This swap creates a covered hedge against exchange loss, since each company, on its own books, borrows the same currency it repays

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-24 Back-to-Back Loans The back-to-back loan provides a method for parent-subsidiary cross border financing without incurring direct currency exposure. Indirect Financing British parent firm 1. British firm wishes to invest funds in its Dutch subsidiary Dutch firm’s British subsidiary 3. British firm loans British pounds directly to the Dutch firm’s British subsidiary Direct loan in pounds Dutch parent firm 2. British firm identifies a Dutch firm wishing to invest funds in its British subsidiary British firm’s Dutch subsidiary 4. British firm’s Dutch subsidiary loans euros to the Dutch parent Direct loan in euros

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-25 Currency Swaps  Currency swaps resemble back-to-back loans except that it does not appear on a firm’s balance sheet  In a currency swap, a dealer and a firm agree to exchange an equivalent amount of two different currencies for a specified period of time Currency swaps can be negotiated for a wide range of maturities  A typical currency swap requires two firms to borrow funds in the markets and currencies in which they are best known or get the best rates

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-26 Currency Swaps  For example, a Japanese firm exporting to the US wanted to construct a matching cash flow swap, it would need US dollar denominated debt  But if the costs were too great, then it could seek out a US firm who exports to Japan and wanted to construct the same swap  The US firm would borrow in dollars and the Japanese firm would borrow in yen  The swap-dealer would then construct the swap so that the US firm would end up “paying yen” and “receiving dollars”  The Japanese firm would then be “paying dollars” and “receiving yen”  This is also called a cross-currency swap

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-27 Currency Swaps Wishes to enter into a swap to “pay dollars” and “receive yen” Japanese Corporation Assets Liabilities & Equity Debt in yen Sales to US Swap Dealer Receive dollars Pay dollars Pay yen Receive yen Wishes to enter into a swap to “pay yen” and “receive dollars” United States Corporation Debt in US$ Assets Liabilities & Equity Sales to Japan Inflow of yen Inflow of US$

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-28 Contractual Approaches  Some MNEs now attempt to hedge their operating exposure with contractual strategies  These firms have undertaken long-term currency option positions hedges designed to offset lost earnings from adverse changes in exchange rates  The ability to hedge the “unhedgeable” is dependent upon predictability Predictability of the firm’s future cash flows Predictability of the firm’s competitor responses to exchange rate changes  Few in practice feel capable of accurately predicting competitor response, yet some firms employ this strategy

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-29 Summary of Learning Objectives  Foreign exchange exposure is a measure of the potential for a firm’s profitability, cash flow, and market value to change because of a change in exchange rates  MNEs encounter three types of currency exposure: (1) transaction; (2) operating; and (3) translation exposure  Operating exposure measures the change in value of the firm that results from changes in future operating cash flows caused by an unexpected change in exchange rates  Operating strategies for the management of operating exposures emphasize the structuring of firm operations in order to create matching streams of cash flows by currency: this is termed matching

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9-30 Summary of Learning Objectives  The objective of operating exposure management is to anticipate and influence the effect of unexpected changes in exchange rates on a firm’s future cash flows, rather than being forced into passive reaction  Proactive policies include matching currency of cash flow, currency risk sharing clauses, back-to-back loans, and cross currency swaps  Contractual approaches have occasionally been used to hedge operating exposure but are costly and possibly ineffectual