© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 7 Forests

Complex association of ____________, ____________, and ____________ –Each one contributes to the life of the ____________ Forests cover one-third of the United States –A wide variety of ____________comes from trees

Forests Two major types of forests –____________: do not shed their leaves mostly ____________; produce lumber called softwood –____________: shed their needles or leaves every year produce lumber called hardwood

Forests of the United States Eight major forest regions in United States Depending on type of forest, forest ____________ differ from place to place

________________________ Forest Largest region in North America –Most dominant type of tree is the ____________ or softwoods –Some areas contain ____________ of softwoods and hardwoods Region characterized by swamps, marshes, rivers, and lakes Climate is ____________

________________________ Forest Reaches from southeastern Canada through New England to northern Appalachian Mountains –Region extends westward beyond Great Lakes region Populated by several important ____________ species –beech, ____________, hemlock, and ____________trees

Central ____________-____________ Forest Contains more ____________ and ____________of ____________than any other forest region –Composed mostly of ____________ trees: oak, hickory, beech, maple, poplar, gum, walnut, cherry, ash, cottonwood, and sycamore –____________ include Virginia pine, pitch pine, shortleaf pine, and red cedar

____________ Forest Located in ____________ part of the United States –____________ from Delaware to Florida –____________ to Texas and Oklahoma Region with most potential for meeting future U.S. ____________ and ____________ needs Most important trees are ____________ Hardwoods include oak, poplar, maple, and walnut

____________ Hardwoods Forest Occur mostly along ____________ ____________ –Among most ____________ U.S. forests –Productive because of area’s ____________ ____________ ____________ Contains mostly ____________ trees –oak, gum, tupelo, and cypress

____________ ____________ Forest Located in northern California, Oregon, and Washington –Most ____________ of forest regions –Provides more than _____ percent of ____________ U.S. ____________ ____________ Composed mostly of ____________ –redwoods, giant sequoias, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, hemlock, western red cedar, Sitka spruce, sugar pine, lodgepole pine, noble fir, and white fir –Important hardwood species include oak, cottonwood, maple, and alder

____________ ____________- ____________ Forest Located mostly east of ____________ River and south of ____________ ____________ forest Production of ____________-____________ wood –some used to ____________ high-quality ____________ –some used in ____________ and to make industrial ____________

____________ ____________ Forest ____________ into many small _________ Extends from ____________ to ____________ Composed primarily of ____________ –western white pine, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, spruce, fir, larch, western red cedar, and hemlock –____________ only important ____________ hardwood

____________ Forest Some located in southern ____________ and southeastern ____________ –Major trees in region are mahogany, mangrove, and bay –Although important ____________, these species have ____________ ____________ value Some of U.S. tropical forests are in ____________ –Wet forest region produces a variety of trees used in the production of ____________ and ____________ –The ____________ forest region of Hawaii produces many trees with ____________ ____________ ____________

Tree Types Trees may be described in terms of the ____________ they produce ____________ : needle-type ____________ –Douglas fir, balsam fir, hemlock, white pine, cedar, southern pine, ponderosa pine, and Sitka spruce

Tree Types ____________ : ____________ trees –birch, maple, poplar, sweetgum, oak, ash, beech, cherry, hickory, sycamore, walnut, and willow –deciduous trees lose their ____________ in fall or winter

Douglas Fir Perhaps ____________ ____________ U.S. tree –Makes up approximately _______ percent of timber harvested each year –Douglas fir forests produce 5 or 6 times more ____________ than other species Popular as ____________ ____________ and for manufacture of ____________

Cedars Eastern red, eastern white, and western red Cedars have ____________ ____________ –____________ ____________ makes them useful as ____________ ____________, ____________ –____________ ____________ ____________ used to line chests and closets

Maple Maple lumber classified as both hard and soft –Hard maple lumber is heavy, strong, and hard used for ____________ ____________, ____________ tops, ____________, ____________, and ____________ –Soft maple only approximately 60 percent as strong used for same applications Some species produce sweet ____________ that is made into ____________ ____________

Oak Two general types of oak in United States –white oak hard, heavy, and strong pores plugged with membranes, making wood nearly ____________ used for structural ____________, ____________, ____________, ____________, ____________ –red oak highly ____________ and ____________ especially ____________ to ____________ must be treated with wood ____________ when used ____________ used for ____________, ____________, and ____________

Cherry Found from southern Canada through eastern United States Cherry wood ____________ and ____________ after ____________ –desirable and popular in production of ____________ - ____________ ____________ –____________ and in ____________ ____________

Tree Growth and Physiology A tree begins life as a ____________ –Seed ____________, ____________ grows up, and ____________ grow down and out Trees grow in ____________ and ____________ –Growth layer called the ____________ –Produces ____________ ____________

Tree Growth and Physiology Trees contain ____________ ____________ ____________ –____________ : carries ____________ and ____________ from roots ____________ to rest of plant –____________ : carries ____________ made in ____________ to rest of plant

Forest ____________ Art and science of tree production is ____________ –Assumes that forest ____________ can be ____________ to be ____________ to ____________ of ____________ ____________ is practiced with varied intensities –____________ forest lands are ____________ managed –____________ forests are managed with ____________ ____________

Managing a ____________ of Trees A ____________ of trees is ____________ to ____________ the ____________ trees in the ____________ ____________ –It may be necessary to ____________ the environment to favor a ____________ ____________ Management decisions are made to favor the ____________ of the ____________ ____________ –A variety of practices are used plantings, selective harvesting, clear-cutting, etc.

Regenerating a Stand Two types of forest ____________ : natural and artificial –____________ regeneration Young trees begin to grow without being ____________ ____________ area ____________ itself –____________ regeneration ____________ or ____________ are planted at harvest site Often called ____________ ____________ Often results in ____________ ____________ of trees Gives managers ____________ over species

Timber Management Forest management is an ____________ process –____________ trees need to be “____________ ” –____________ of ____________ need to be ____________ –Side ____________ need ____________ When stand is ready, it is ____________ –A ____________ ____________ is always followed ____________ ____________ from stand

Types of Harvest Several timber-harvesting methods; each has ____________ and ____________

____________ - ____________ ____________ method of harvest –loss of ____________ ____________ –____________ –____________ ____________ to ____________ ____________ Produces ____________ - ____________ stands –Trees are all of the ____________ age Leave ____________ ____________ ____________ of trees near ____________ to protect ____________ ____________ and provide ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ Method ____________ trees of desired species are ____________ from cutting in ____________ locations ____________ ____________ –Purpose of these trees is to provide ____________ for ____________ and ____________ ____________ Site ____________ is necessary –____________ and ____________ are ____________ to minimize ____________ with ____________ ____________ method is similar –When seedlings are established, ____________ ____________ are also ____________

____________ Method Silviculture system where trees are ____________ and forest ____________ from ____________ ____________ –Care must be taken to protect against ____________ ____________ Tree species generated by coppice method are ____________ - ____________ –Oaks and aspens often managed this way Trees usually used for ____________ or pulpwood Method also has great promise in production of __________

____________ Timber harvest method used to ____________ and ____________ trees near end of their ____________ ____________ Important to harvest these trees while still ____________ –Need to ____________ ____________ of the trees before they become ____________ of ____________ or ____________

____________ Harvesting of ____________ trees or ____________ trees –Often used after ____________ ____________ –Trees dying from ____________ ____________ and ____________ can still be used for ____________ ____________ Examples of natural disasters include ____________ ____________, high ____________, ____________ ____________ –Once ____________ has occurred to trees, they need ____________ as soon as possible –After two or three years, trees often produce ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ requires filing of an ____________ ____________ ____________ –Science-based study details the ____________ ____________ of ____________ ____________ on the ____________ –Must be completed ____________ timber harvests on ____________ ____________ Study ____________ ____________ of ____________ –____________ building, ____________ ____________, ____________ on plants and animals, presence of ____________ or ____________ species

Forests as Valuable ____________ ____________ value value from ____________ ____________ ____________ value value for ____________ value of ____________

____________ of Forests To ____________ this ____________, forests must be ____________ from several ____________ –____________ –____________ / ____________

____________ and ____________ ____________ ____________ is number one source of ____________ ____________ in North America Forest lands are ____________ to ____________ after ____________ and ____________ that ____________ ____________ Soil ____________ efforts can ____________ ____________ –Place straw ____________, ____________ sheeting, and other types of ____________ ____________ to ____________ ____________ ____________