Biological Classification. Why Classify? So we can know: How many species are there? What are the characteristics of these species? What are the relationships.

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Presentation transcript:

Biological Classification

Why Classify? So we can know: How many species are there? What are the characteristics of these species? What are the relationships between the species?

Biological Classification Biological classification: the arrangement of organisms into groups based on shared characterisitics Organisms are grouped according to similar characteristics and relationships to one another

Levels of Classification 8 Taxa (plural) —Taxon: A category of organisms Hierarchical system

Levels of Classification 1. Domains: three broad groups (Archae domain, Bacteria domain, Eukarya domain) Created by C.R. Woese in 1990 Based on molecular biology

Levels of Classification 2. Kingdom- Taxon of similar phylums 3. Phylum- Taxon of similar classes 4. Class- Taxon of similar orders

Levels (cont.) 5. Order- Taxon of similar families 6. Family- Taxon of similar genera 7. Genus- Taxon of similar species 8. Species (smallest, most specific)

Levels, cont. King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup

Taxonomy The science of grouping and naming organisms based on their different characteristics

History of Taxonomy Aristotle ( B.C.) Aristotle’s Classification PlantAnimal AirWaterLandShrubs Trees Herbs

Classification Problems with Aristotle’s: Frog- Half of life is in water (tadpole), half is on land Didn’t know about bacteria or one celled organisms (no microscopes)

Classification Carolus Linnaeus Swedish physician and botanist Lived in 1700’s Classified according to shared characteristics

Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 1859 Evolutionary changes form a line of descent from a common ancestor

A cladogram is a branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

Naming Names Binomial nomenclature: a two-part naming system developed by Linnaeus Organisms are given two names: Genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase)

Naming Names The scientific name is always underlined or written in italics Scientific names are always the same (Felis concolor): Allows the scientific names to be used universally

FYI: Naming Names Common names are too confusing (puma, cougar, mountain lion) because they can be based on regions or languages

Before Linnaeus: What is an apis pubescens thorace subgriseo abdomine fusco pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatus?

After Linnaeus: Apis mellifera Honey Producing Bee

Enhydra lutris

Arctos horribilis Bear awful

Dichotomous Keys Aid in identifying unknown organisms Pairs of statements with two choices of characteristics Only one choice will apply to the unknown organism This will lead to another pair of characteristics.. And so on…

Until the organism is identified

Kingdoms Most broad and largest level of classification

Five Kingdoms vs. Six Previously, there was a 5 kingdom system instead of our current 6 kingdom

5 Kingdom System 1.Monera 2.Protista 3.Fungi 4.Plantae 5.Animalia

6 Kingdom System 1.Archaebacteria 2.Eubacteria 3.Protista 4.Fungi 5.Plantae 6.Animalia

5 vs. 6 Kingdoms Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia MoneraArchaebacteria & Eubacteria 5 Kingdoms6 Kingdoms

Archaebacteria Cell type: Prokaryote Number of cells: Unicellular Nutrition: Autotroph Habitat: Extreme (usually oxygen free) Other info: genetic makeup is similar to eukaryotes

Eubacteria Cell type: Prokaryote Number of cells: Unicellular Nutrition: Autotroph & Heterotroph Habitat: Most environments Other info: these contain helpful and harmful bacteria

Protista Cell type: Eukaryote Number of cells: Unicellular & Multicellular Nutrition: Autotroph & Heterotroph Habitat: Moist environments Other info: can be animal-like, plant- like, and fungi-like

Fungi Cell type: Eukaryote Number of cells: Unicellular & Multicellular Nutrition: Heterotroph Habitat: Moist environments Other info: they absorb nutrients from their environments

Plantae Cell type: Eukaryote Number of cells: Multicellular Nutrition: Autotroph Habitat: Most environments Other info: they don’t fossilize as often as organisms with harder structures (bones, etc.)

Animalia Cell type: Eukaryote Number of cells: Multicellular Nutrition: Heterotrophs Habitat: All environments Other info: have certain organ systems that plants do not have like the muscular, skeletal, and nervous system