Animal Form & Function Chapter 40

Slide 2 of 29 Chapter 40 – Basic Principles  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Tissues – groups of cells w/ common structure & function  Organs – groups of tissues w/ common structure & function  Organ System – group of organs that work together

Slide 3 of 29 4 Types of Tissue  1. Epithelial Tissue – covers or lines organs or the body  2. Connective Tissue – supports & binds other tissue  3. Muscle Tissue – responsible for body movement  4. Nervous Tissue – responsible for sensing stimuli & response to the stimuli

Slide 4 of 29 ECMN  How will u memorize the 4 types of tissue?

Slide 5 of 29 Epithelial Tissue  1. Epithelial Tissue  Covers the body, lines the organs, & acts as a protective barrier  One side is always bound to basement membrane  Underlying supportive surface  Other side faces air, environment or fluids

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Slide 7 of 29 3 Types of Epithelium  1. Simple – 1 layer of cells  2. Stratified – Multiple layers of cells  3. Glandular – absorb or secrete chemicals (mucus, etc.)  Cells at the Exposed surface  Cuboidal – Like dice  Columnar – Like brick standing on end  Squamous – Like floor tiles

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Slide 9 of 29 Connective Tissue (CT)  Supports & binds other tissues  Sparse population of cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix  3 Kinds of CT fibers  1. Collagenous – collagen & inelastic (not demand)  2. Elastic – long fibers made of elastin  3. Reticular – collagen & continuous with collagenous fibers

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Slide 11 of 29 Examples of Connective Tissue  Cartilage – shark skeleton – flexible – tip of nose, ears  Bone – not so flexible  Ligaments – connect bone to bone  Tendons – connect muscle to bone  Blood – since it has an extensive extracellular matrix  Loose connective tissue – most widespread  Adipose tissue – loose connective tissue that stores fats

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Slide 13 of 29 Muscle Tissue  Skeletal – responsible for voluntary movements  Building muscles does not increase # of cells, but does enlarge the fixed number of muscle cells  Also called striated muscle  Smooth – responsible for INvoluntary movements  Arterial constriction, bowel movements  Lacks striations = smooth  Cardiac – heart muscle  Cardiac contractions  Striated like skeletal muscle

Slide 14 of 29 SKELETAL MUSCLE

Slide 15 of 29 SMOOTH

Slide 16 of 29 CARDIAC

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Slide 18 of 29 Nervous Tissue  Functional unit is the neuron or nerve cells  Sense stimuli & transmit signals across the body  Transmit signals to other neurons, glands, muscles, & brain

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Slide 20 of 29 2 Important Systems  Coordination & Control  Endocrine System – responsible for hormone production  Hormones – chemical signals responsible for long-distance signaling  Hormones are released into the bloodstream  Bloodstream broadcasts the hormones throughout the body  Remember Signal Transduction Pathways?  Nervous System – transmit information between specific locations  Neurons, muscle cells, & endocrine cells

Slide 21 of 29 Homeostasis  Homeostasis is a key concept in animal physiology  Homeostasis – maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment  Set Point – reference point for homeostatic mechanism  Body has sensors that detect any deviation from the set point  If there is a deviation (+ or -), physiological response will return the body to the set point

Slide 22 of 29 Homeostasis Exercise  Find 2 biological examples of Homeostasis  Explain each of your 2 examples of homeostasis  Explain the effects of at least 2 deviations from the set point  1 Positive deviation & 1 Negative deviation  Explain the homeostatic response mechanism for each of the deviations.

Slide 23 of 29 Feedback Systems  Negative Feedback System – Physiological response to a stimulus REDUCES the stimulus -- Exercise (Stimulus)  Body Temp Rises  Perspiration (body cooling) -- Air temperature decreases  Shivering  Friction (body warming)  Positive Feedback System – stimulus elicits a response that amplifies the effect of the stimulus  Childbirth  increased pressure on opening of uterine wall   Stimulates increased uterine wall contractions  Greater pressure on opening of uterine wall

Slide 24 of 29 Negative Feedback Mechanism pp BIOLOGY

Slide 25 of 29 Positive Feedback Mechanism pp BIOLOGY

Slide 26 of 29 Thermoregulation  Thermoregulation – How animals maintain their internal temperature within a tolerable range  Endotherms – body warmed by heat generated by metabolism  Examples: birds & mammals  Ectotherms  Gain most of their heat from environment  Invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

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Slide 28 of 29 Countercurrent Exchange  Reduction of heat loss depends on countercurrent exchange  Birds & Mammals  Antiparallel arrangement of blood vessels  Warm blood from the animal’s core goes to the extremities  This blood transfers heat to the colder extremities  Heat that usually is lost to environment is used to heat extremities

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