Animal Form & Function Chapter 40
Slide 2 of 29 Chapter 40 – Basic Principles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Tissues – groups of cells w/ common structure & function Organs – groups of tissues w/ common structure & function Organ System – group of organs that work together
Slide 3 of 29 4 Types of Tissue 1. Epithelial Tissue – covers or lines organs or the body 2. Connective Tissue – supports & binds other tissue 3. Muscle Tissue – responsible for body movement 4. Nervous Tissue – responsible for sensing stimuli & response to the stimuli
Slide 4 of 29 ECMN How will u memorize the 4 types of tissue?
Slide 5 of 29 Epithelial Tissue 1. Epithelial Tissue Covers the body, lines the organs, & acts as a protective barrier One side is always bound to basement membrane Underlying supportive surface Other side faces air, environment or fluids
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Slide 7 of 29 3 Types of Epithelium 1. Simple – 1 layer of cells 2. Stratified – Multiple layers of cells 3. Glandular – absorb or secrete chemicals (mucus, etc.) Cells at the Exposed surface Cuboidal – Like dice Columnar – Like brick standing on end Squamous – Like floor tiles
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Slide 9 of 29 Connective Tissue (CT) Supports & binds other tissues Sparse population of cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix 3 Kinds of CT fibers 1. Collagenous – collagen & inelastic (not demand) 2. Elastic – long fibers made of elastin 3. Reticular – collagen & continuous with collagenous fibers
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Slide 11 of 29 Examples of Connective Tissue Cartilage – shark skeleton – flexible – tip of nose, ears Bone – not so flexible Ligaments – connect bone to bone Tendons – connect muscle to bone Blood – since it has an extensive extracellular matrix Loose connective tissue – most widespread Adipose tissue – loose connective tissue that stores fats
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Slide 13 of 29 Muscle Tissue Skeletal – responsible for voluntary movements Building muscles does not increase # of cells, but does enlarge the fixed number of muscle cells Also called striated muscle Smooth – responsible for INvoluntary movements Arterial constriction, bowel movements Lacks striations = smooth Cardiac – heart muscle Cardiac contractions Striated like skeletal muscle
Slide 14 of 29 SKELETAL MUSCLE
Slide 15 of 29 SMOOTH
Slide 16 of 29 CARDIAC
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Slide 18 of 29 Nervous Tissue Functional unit is the neuron or nerve cells Sense stimuli & transmit signals across the body Transmit signals to other neurons, glands, muscles, & brain
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Slide 20 of 29 2 Important Systems Coordination & Control Endocrine System – responsible for hormone production Hormones – chemical signals responsible for long-distance signaling Hormones are released into the bloodstream Bloodstream broadcasts the hormones throughout the body Remember Signal Transduction Pathways? Nervous System – transmit information between specific locations Neurons, muscle cells, & endocrine cells
Slide 21 of 29 Homeostasis Homeostasis is a key concept in animal physiology Homeostasis – maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment Set Point – reference point for homeostatic mechanism Body has sensors that detect any deviation from the set point If there is a deviation (+ or -), physiological response will return the body to the set point
Slide 22 of 29 Homeostasis Exercise Find 2 biological examples of Homeostasis Explain each of your 2 examples of homeostasis Explain the effects of at least 2 deviations from the set point 1 Positive deviation & 1 Negative deviation Explain the homeostatic response mechanism for each of the deviations.
Slide 23 of 29 Feedback Systems Negative Feedback System – Physiological response to a stimulus REDUCES the stimulus -- Exercise (Stimulus) Body Temp Rises Perspiration (body cooling) -- Air temperature decreases Shivering Friction (body warming) Positive Feedback System – stimulus elicits a response that amplifies the effect of the stimulus Childbirth increased pressure on opening of uterine wall Stimulates increased uterine wall contractions Greater pressure on opening of uterine wall
Slide 24 of 29 Negative Feedback Mechanism pp BIOLOGY
Slide 25 of 29 Positive Feedback Mechanism pp BIOLOGY
Slide 26 of 29 Thermoregulation Thermoregulation – How animals maintain their internal temperature within a tolerable range Endotherms – body warmed by heat generated by metabolism Examples: birds & mammals Ectotherms Gain most of their heat from environment Invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles
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Slide 28 of 29 Countercurrent Exchange Reduction of heat loss depends on countercurrent exchange Birds & Mammals Antiparallel arrangement of blood vessels Warm blood from the animal’s core goes to the extremities This blood transfers heat to the colder extremities Heat that usually is lost to environment is used to heat extremities
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