Living Systems Model Overview Why a new ID Model? Living Systems Model Phases Examples

Living Systems Model Requirements of Web-based Systems Develop web-specific instruction Dynamic, changing content Open-ended system (external link) Web-specific development processes Web-specific project teams Why a new ID Model?

Living Systems Model Traditional ID Models Often delivery medium-independent Focus on concept of “final product” No formal mechanism in place for dynamic changes in requirements and needs of users Why a new ID Model?

Living Systems Model Knowledge Management Systems Scenario: To solve a work-related problem, user retrieves cases, constructs solution, adds new case to KM system Result: Dynamically changing system, responding to user’s needs Problem: Formal process to respond to the changes in the system: new services, features, etc. Why a new ID Model?

Living Systems Model Living System Approach Changes in the system are assumed Formal mechanisms in place to accommodate change and growth System is viewed as ‘living system,’ not as final product Digital nervous system features Why a new ID Model?

Living Systems Model Plass & Salisbury (2002) Living System Approach

Living Systems Model Goal Address specifics of web-based instructional systems in general Accommodate change and growth of KM systems in particular Living Systems Model

Plass & Salisbury (2002) Living System Approach Implement SystemDesign Developmental Evaluation Develop Instructional Information Design Analyze End-User Requirements Design Instructional Information Architecture Develop Instructional Interaction Design n

Scenario Living Systems Model  Problem Identification, Background  Needs Assessment  Target Audience, Learner Characteristics  Minimum Configuration of Delivery System  Goal  Objectives Analysis

Scenario Living Systems Model  Interviews  Observations  Performance Analysis/Grades  Document Review  Subject-Matter Expert Consultations Method

Living Systems Model Plass & Salisbury (2002) Living System Approach Implement SystemDesign Developmental Evaluation Develop Instructional Information Design Analyze End-User Requirements Design Instructional Information Architecture Develop Instructional Interaction Design

Living Systems Model Definition Defines the content and features to fulfill objectives of a web site and how they are structured Purpose Conceptual Design of Web Site, high-level Architecture Information Architecture

Living Systems Model Components  Conceptual Design: Features  Content: Organization of Information  Navigation/Orientation Systems Information Architecture

Living Systems Model Design Process for Information Architecture Map Objectives -> Features Map Features -> Content Structure Features (Hierarchy, Hypertext, database) Organize Content (Alphabetical, Chronological,...) Design Navigational System based on Structure Based on the cognitive processes of the learners Instructional Information Architecture

Scenario Living Systems Model Information Architecture

Scenario Living Systems Model Design Issues

Scenario Living Systems Model Navigational System Purpose  Identify current location  Identify path to desired location/feature Instructional Function  Reduce cognitive overhead of navigation  Make associative connections apparent

Scenario Living Systems Model  Navigation bars  Frames  Pull-down menus  Table of Content  Index  Site Map  Guided Tour Navigation System Elements

501 Overview Living Systems Model OLIT 501 ISD Online Course

501 Class OLIT 501 ISD Online Course Living Systems Model

501 Library Living Systems Model OLIT 501 ISD Online Course

Living Systems Model Plass & Salisbury (2002) Living System Approach Implement SystemDesign Developmental Evaluation Develop Instructional Information Design Analyze End-User Requirements Design Instructional Information Architecture Develop Instructional Interaction Design

Living Systems Model Definition Specifies the interactions between users and each feature of the application, including –Type and format of input –Logic of processing –Type and format of output Purpose Specify the detailed functioning of each feature of the system Interaction Design

Living Systems Model Steps Refine Specification of Functionality Define Sub-Functions Define Instructional Strategies Method Storyboards Draft Pages in HTML Interaction Design

Living Systems Model Interaction Model (Foley & van Dam) Conceptual Level -User’s mental model Semantic Level -Meanings conveyed by user input & computer output Syntactic Level -Definition of communication language for computer Lexical Level -Device dependencies and precise mechanisms for interactions Interaction Design

Living Systems Model Interaction Design

Living Systems Model Interaction Design

501 Communication Living Systems Model OLIT 501 ISD Online Course

Living Systems Model Definition Human-Computer Interface Interface not merely in charge of communication with the user, but is an Expression of the deliberate decisions by the instructional designer to include features in the conceptual model of the application that support different cognitive processes of learning Interface Design Approach

Living Systems Model Definition Overall plan governing instructional content and process consisting of a set of decisions that result in a plan, method, or series of activities aimed at obtaining a specific goal Purpose Organize instruction to support learner's cognitive processes of attention, encoding, and retrieval of information Instructional Strategies

Living Systems Model Organizational Strategy —Content, Sequencing of instruction —Form of presentation Delivery Strategy —Instruction medium used —Grouping of learners Management Strategy —Scheduling and allocation of resources (Reigeluth, 1983) Instructional Strategies

Living Systems Model Gagné & Briggs Gaining attention Informing learners of objective Stimulating recall of prerequisite learning Presenting instruction Providing learning guidance Eliciting performance Providing feedback Assessing performance Enhancing retention and transfer Instructional Events

Scenario Living Systems Model Instructional Strategies  Taxonomy Social Setting Learning Mode Presentation Modes of Information View Information Acquire Knowledge Construct Meaning Individual Closed Collaboration Open Collaboration Text Multimedia Immersion

Living Systems Model General Considerations/Issues Task Analysis Results as Basis for ID Cognitive TA Results as Basis for ID Standards/Conventions for field Standards/Conventions for WWW Use of Metaphors Interaction Design

Living Systems Model Instructional Considerations/Issues Philosophy of Instruction: Behaviorist/Cognitivist/ Constructivist Approach Level of Learner Control, Choice Cognitive Load (Overhead) Imposed by Interaction Interaction Design

Scenario Living Systems Model Interaction Design Evaluation Application of Pattern Language Articulates and communicates the design of the entire system in a coherent, formal way (Alexander, Ishikawa & Silverstein, 1977; Tidwell, 1999) Units of language: design rules, or patterns, that capture the solutions to specific issues or problems in the design process in a particular context, and are therefore neither too abstract nor too specific

Living Systems Model Plass & Salisbury (2002) Living System Approach Implement SystemDesign Developmental Evaluation Develop Instructional Information Design Analyze End-User Requirements Design Instructional Information Architecture Develop Instructional Interaction Design

Living Systems Model To see is to forget the name of the thing one sees. Paul Valéry

Living Systems Model Definition Specifies the appearance of the interface and the information contained in the system, such as –Presentation mode of information –Color Scheme for interface –Type faces and their forms (attributes) Purpose Specify the appearance of each feature of the system Information Design

Living Systems Model Steps Design visual interface for all features Design navigational elements Design instructional materials Method Design text, graphics, video, sound for a prototype application/page Information Design

Living Systems Model Interaction Design

Living Systems Model Interaction Design

Living Systems Model Wayfinding for Navigation Methods to allow users to orient themselves Purpose Assess where you are Assess where you want to be Assess how to get there Information Design

Living Systems Model Multimedia Effect Contiguity Effect Split-Attention (Modality) Effect Coherence Effect Redundancy Effect Individual Differences Effect (Mayer, 1997, 2001) Multimedia Learning

Living Systems Model Evaluation Review design of instructional strategies and how they support learner’s cognitive processes (function of multimedia elements) Review if the required conditions for the application of a particular design principle were met and if this design principle or theory was applied in an appropriate way (Dual Coding Theory, Cognitive Load Theory, Generative Theory of Multimedia Learning) Information Design

Living Systems Model Generative Theory of MM Learning Mayer (1997) Referential Connections Visual Model (Coherent Visual Mental Representation) Verbal Model (Coherent Verbal Mental Representation) Image Base (Visual representation) Visual Information Text Base (Verbal representation) Verbal Information Select ImagesSelect Words Organize Images Organize Words Prior Knowledge Integrate

Living Systems Model Plass & Salisbury (2002) Living System Approach Implement SystemDesign Developmental Evaluation Develop Instructional Information Design Analyze End-User Requirements Design Instructional Information Architecture Develop Instructional Interaction Design

Living Systems Model Steps Implement and Evaluate Prototype Produce media elements (graphics, video, etc.) Design and develop data base back end (tables) Evaluation Usability (actual) User Acceptance (perceived) Effectiveness (actual learning outcomes) Implement System

Living Systems Model Evaluate Each phase of the design process Usability of the system Learning outcome Using living system capabilities Developmental Evaluation

Living Systems Model Address specifics of web-based instructional systems in general Accommodate change and growth of KM systems in particular Used for KM system design & implementation Also useful for WWW-based instructional systems Conclusion