Ocean and Atmosphere. Earth’s Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation Atmospheric properties Earth’s Energy Budget Vertical Atmospheric Circulation Surface.

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Presentation transcript:

Ocean and Atmosphere

Earth’s Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation Atmospheric properties Earth’s Energy Budget Vertical Atmospheric Circulation Surface Atmospheric Circulation

Atmospheric Temperature

Water vapor saturation pressure How much water vapor the air can “hold”

Density of Air Which is more dense, DRY air or HUMID air? –Air:N 2 (14*2=28) O 2 (16*2=32) –Water: H 2 O (2+16=18) Light molecules displace heavier molecules…

Density of Air Humid air is light, and rises Dry air is heavy, and sinks

Water vapor, convection, condensation 1. Adiabatic Expansion  Cooling 2. Condensation  Release latent heat of vaporization

Water Budget

Earth’s Heat Sources Geothermal = 0.1 cal/cm 2 /day Solar = cal/cm 2 /day BALANCED BUDGET! –Wavelength (μm) = 2900 / T (K o ) SUN = 2900/5600 ≈ 0.5 μm (visible light) Earth = 2900/290 ≈ 10 μm (infrared)

Sun’s Radiation

Earth’s Heat Budget

Atmosphere reflection and absorbance

Global Warming: Increased heat absorption in the atmosphere

Seasonal variability in solar radiation

Latitudinal variability in solar radiation

Latitudinal Heat Budget

So what are the effects of uneven heating? Less Dense Air: –HOT –HUMID More Dense Air: –COLD –DRY

Atmospheric Convection in a NON-Rotating Earth LOW Surface Air Pressure HIGH Surface Air Pressure

Low & High Pressure

But… The Earth Spins! FLASH NEWS: The US attempts to stop the axis of Evil by bombing Quito (Ecuador), using cannons located in Buffalo (NY)!

Bombing of Quito from Buffalo

Earth Rotation: Coriolis Effect Apparent deflection force due to Earth’s rotation Acts on freely moving objects North Hemisphere: Deflection to the right South Hemisphere: Deflection to the left C = (2Ωsin(lat))v –V=velocity of a particle in motion –Ω=constant (angular velocity of Earth) So: –High v = high C ; High latitude = high C –No Coriolis at equator, maximum at poles

Figure 6.16

Figure 6.17

Atmospheric Convection Cells

Figure 6.19

Global atmospheric generalities Hadley Cells (subtropical) are quite stable Pressure systems: –Equator: LOW (Doldrums or ITCZ- Inter Tropical Convergence Zone) –30 ’s : HIGH (Horse Latitudes) –60 ’s : LOW

Figure 6.21

Horse latitudes Doldrums

Global atmospheric generalities Hadley Cell is quite stable Pressure systems: –Equator: LOW (Doldrums or ITCZ- Inter Tropical Convergence Zone) –30 ’s : HIGH (Horse Latitudes) –60 ’s : LOW In between Pressure systems: –WIND!! Trade Winds Westerlies: (Roaring Forties, Screaming Fifties)

Figure 6.19

Seasonal Wind Variation

Monsoons (Indian Ocean)

Precipitation / Evaporation

Surface Ocean Salinities

Land – Ocean Temperatures

Local Winds: Sea Breeze

Local Winds: Coastal Fog

Local Winds: Mountain or Island Effect