13 Surface Water 13.1 Streams and Rivers CHAPTER Surface Water EXIT CHAPTER 13.1 Streams and Rivers 13.2 Stream Erosion and Deposition 13.3 River Valleys 13.4 Flood Plains and Floods CHAPTER OUTLINE

13 13.1 Streams and Rivers Surface Water CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME 13.1 Streams and Rivers VOCABULARY A river system consists of a river and all of its tributaries. tributary river system drainage basin Tributary River Divide watershed divide gradient discharge The drainage basin of a river system is all the land that is drained by the river and its tributaries. A river’s velocity, gradient, discharge, and channel shape affect how it erodes and transports materials. SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water tributary CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY tributary river system tributary drainage basin A stream that runs into another stream or river. watershed divide gradient discharge SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water river system A river and all of its tributaries. CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY tributary river system river system drainage basin A river and all of its tributaries. watershed divide gradient discharge SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water drainage basin CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY tributary river system drainage basin drainage basin All the land that drains into the river either directly or through its tributaries; a watershed. watershed divide gradient discharge SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water watershed CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY tributary river system watershed drainage basin All the land that drains into the river either directly or through its tributaries; a drainage basin. watershed divide gradient discharge SECTION OUTLINE

13 CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY tributary river system divide drainage basin The higher land that separates one drainage basin from another. watershed divide gradient discharge SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water gradient CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY tributary river system gradient drainage basin The slope or incline of an area of land or of a stream. watershed divide gradient discharge SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water discharge CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY tributary river system discharge drainage basin The volume of water that passes a certain point in a stream or river in a given amount of time. watershed divide gradient discharge SECTION OUTLINE

13.2 Stream Erosion and Deposition CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME 13.2 Stream Erosion and Deposition VOCABULARY deposition pothole Rivers wear down Earth’s surface and erode and deposit materials. A river may carry materials in solution, in suspension, and in its bed load. load suspension bed load competence Flow Suspension: Silt and clay Bed load: sand, gravel, pebbles and boulders Materials carried in solution cannot be seen. capacity delta SECTION OUTLINE

13.2 Stream Erosion and Deposition CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME 13.2 Stream Erosion and Deposition VOCABULARY deposition pothole Velocity and discharge affect how much material a river can transport. When river velocity greatly decreases, sediment drops out of the water to form a delta or alluvial fan. load suspension bed load competence Over time, sediments build up, forming a delta. capacity delta SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water deposition CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY deposition pothole deposition load The process by which materials are dropped, such as sand or silt by a stream; also, the process by which frost forms when water vapor condenses as a solid. suspension bed load competence capacity delta SECTION OUTLINE

13 CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY deposition pothole pothole load Deep oval or circular basins cut into a stream or river bed by abrasion from swirling sand, pebbles, and small boulders. suspension bed load competence capacity delta SECTION OUTLINE

13 CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY deposition pothole load load The eroded rock and soil materials that are transported downstream by a river. suspension bed load competence capacity delta SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water suspension CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY deposition pothole suspension load A state in which rock materials carried by a river are stirred up and kept from sinking by the turbulence of stream flow. suspension bed load competence capacity delta SECTION OUTLINE

13 CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY deposition pothole bed load load Sand, pebbles, and boulders that are moved along the bed of a stream and that are too heavy to be carried in suspension. suspension bed load competence capacity delta SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water competence CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY deposition pothole competence load A measure that describes the maximum size of the particles a stream can carry. suspension bed load competence capacity delta SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water capacity CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY deposition pothole capacity load A measure of the total amount of sediment a stream can carry. suspension bed load competence capacity delta SECTION OUTLINE

13 CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY deposition pothole delta load A fan-shaped deposit that forms when a river flows into a quiet or large body of water, such as a lake, an ocean, or an inland sea. suspension bed load competence capacity delta SECTION OUTLINE

13 13.3 River Valleys Surface Water CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME 13.3 River Valleys VOCABULARY Youthful rivers form steep-sided canyons and V-shaped valleys. The lowest level to which a river can erode its bed is called its base level. headward erosion base level stream piracy Rapids can form as a river runs down a deep slope, while a river that plunges over a cliff forms a waterfall. SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water headward erosion CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY headward erosion base level headward erosion stream piracy The process by which land is worn away at the head of gully or stream valley. SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water base level CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY headward erosion base level base level stream piracy The level of the body of water into which a stream flows. SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water stream piracy CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY headward erosion base level stream piracy stream piracy The diversion of the upper part of one stream by the headward growth of another stream. SECTION OUTLINE

13.4 Floodplains and Floods CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME 13.4 Floodplains and Floods VOCABULARY A river that has cut down close to its base level tends to erode the sides of its valley, forming a meandering river in a wide flood plain. flood floodplain meanders oxbow lake natural levees Valley wall Back swamp flash flood Oxbow lake floodplain Meander Natural levees Yazoo tributary SECTION OUTLINE

13.4 Floodplains and Floods CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME 13.4 Floodplains and Floods VOCABULARY River floods are natural events that can have constructive as well as destructive effects. flood floodplain meanders oxbow lake natural levees flash flood People have developed different methods to control and prevent river flooding. SECTION OUTLINE

13 CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY flood floodplain flood meanders The phenomenon whereby a river overflows its banks. oxbow lake natural levees flash flood SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water floodplain CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY flood floodplain floodplain meanders A wide, level area that borders a river and is covered by its water during a flood. oxbow lake natural levees flash flood SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water meanders Broad, looping bends in a river. CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY flood floodplain meanders meanders Broad, looping bends in a river. oxbow lake natural levees flash flood SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water oxbow lake CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY flood floodplain oxbow lake meanders A crescent-shaped body of water formed when sediments deposited by a river cut off a meander from the river. oxbow lake natural levees flash flood SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water natural levees CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY flood floodplain natural levees meanders Elevated ridges along a river’s bank that are formed by the deposition of the river’s sediment load. oxbow lake natural levees flash flood SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water flash flood CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY flood floodplain flash flood meanders A sudden flood, usually caused by intense, heavy rainfall. oxbow lake natural levees flash flood SECTION OUTLINE

13 Surface Water I. Streams and Rivers A. River Systems CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY I. Streams and Rivers tributary A. River Systems river system B. Characteristics of Streams and Rivers drainage basin 1. Velocity watershed 2. Gradient divide 3. Discharge gradient 4. Channel discharge KEY IDEA SUMMARY

II. Stream Erosion and Deposition 13 CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY II. Stream Erosion and Deposition deposition A. How Streams Weather and Erode Material pothole B. How Steams Transport Material load C. Stream Deposition suspension D. Depositional Features bed load competence capacity delta KEY IDEA SUMMARY

13 Surface Water III. River Valleys A. Canyons and V-Shaped Valleys CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY III. River Valleys headward erosion A. Canyons and V-Shaped Valleys base level B. Rapids and Waterfalls stream piracy KEY IDEA SUMMARY

IV. Floodplains and Floods 13 CHAPTER Surface Water CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY IV. Floodplains and Floods flood A. Features of a Floodplain floodplain B. Floods meanders C. Flood Prevention and Control oxbow lake natural levees flash flood KEY IDEA SUMMARY

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