Chemistry of Living Things 2 DAYS OF NOTES & JOY!

Basics of Chemistry – JOY! The cell is a complex “chemical factory”. It is made up of atoms, elements, compounds, and molecules. The chemical processes of the organism takes place inside the organism’s cells.

The Atom Living and nonliving things are made up of tiny units called atoms. The center core is called the nucleus.

The Atom The nucleus is made up of particles called protons and neutrons Protons have a positive charge (+1) and neutrons have no electrical charge (0). Negatively charged particles, called electrons (-1) revolve around the nucleus at different distances from the nucleus.

The Atom The electrons move in paths called shells or energy levels. Atoms have the same number of electrons and protons. Therefore, they are electrically neutral (have no electrical charge).

Elements There are about 100 different kinds of atoms known to scientists today. A substance made up entirely of one kind of atom is called an element. Ninety-two elements occur naturally and the others were made up in a laboratory. Elements differ from one another in their proton, neutron, and electron number.

The Periodic Table of Elements

Most Common Elements ElementSymbol CarbonC HydrogenH OxygenO NitrogenN SulfurS PhosphorusP MagnesiumMg IodineI IronFe CalciumCa SodiumNa ChlorineCl PotassiumK ZincZn

ELEMENTS IN HUMANS ELEMENT% By Mass Oxygen65% Carbon18% Hydrogen10% Nitrogen3% Calcium1.5% Phosphorus1.2% Potassium0.2% Sulfur0.2% Chlorine0.2% Sodium0.1% Magnesium0.05% Iron3.0g in Men; 2.3g in Women Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Iodine< 0.05% Each Selenium, Fluorine< 0.01% Each

Elements An element cannot be broken down into any other substance or matter. Pure silver is an element. It is made up only of silver atoms. When you break down a silver atom, you get electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Element Symbols Each element is represented by a symbol made up of one or two letters.

END OF DAY 1 OF NOTES Do #’s 4 and 5 on page 2! CARBON OXYGEN

DAY 2: NOTES COMPOUNDS & CHEMICAL BONDS (a love / like story!)

Compounds A compound is formed when two or more elements combine chemically.

Compound Properties The properties (characteristics) of compounds are quite different from the properties of the elements of which they are composed. For example, table sugar is made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbon is a black solid, and hydrogen and oxygen are colorless gases. However, when they combine chemically they form a white granular substance.

Compounds Elements combine to form compounds by a process called chemical bonding. The formation of a chemical bond involves either the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, or the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Chemical Bonding: 2 Ways to Form Compounds

Molecules A molecule of a particular compound is made up of definite numbers and kinds of atoms bonded (joined) together. A molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together. Two atoms of hydrogen bond together form a molecule of hydrogen.

Ions An ion is an atom that has gained or lost an electron. Ions are formed during chemical bonding that involves the transfer of electrons. When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, both atoms become electrically charged. The atom that loses electrons becomes positively charged. The atom that gains electrons becomes negatively charged. The ions with opposite electrical charges are attracted to one another.

1 st Type: Ionic Bonds (LOVE) A chemical bond formed when atoms lose or gain electrons is called an ionic bond. They are attracted to each other like magnets. One atom is positive, the other is negative. Opposites attract!

2 nd Type: Covalent Bonds (LIKE) Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to produce compounds. When making hydrogen gas, one molecule of hydrogen gas is formed when two hydrogen atoms join by sharing electrons.

END OF DAY 2 OF NOTES! You did it! Let’s make a foldable for the following words… Element Compound Molecule Ionic Bond Covalent Bond