1 Macromolecules copyright cmassengale

2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale

3 Carbon (C) Carbon4 electronsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane) copyright cmassengale

4 Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples:Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale

5 Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? copyright cmassengale

6 Answer: Dehydration Synthesis “condensation reaction”Also called “condensation reaction” polymers monomers“removing water”Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HOH HH H2OH2O copyright cmassengale

7 Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? copyright cmassengale

8 Answer: Hydrolysis monomers“adding water”Separates monomers by “adding water” HO HH H H2OH2O copyright cmassengale

9 Carbohydrates

10 Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Examples:Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide copyright cmassengale

11 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose glucose copyright cmassengale

12 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose copyright cmassengale

13 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

14 Lipids copyright cmassengale

15Lipids not soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble in water. are soluble in hydrophobic solventsLipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Remember:“stores the most energy”Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples:1. FatsExamples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides copyright cmassengale

16 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale

17 Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = copyright cmassengale

18 Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated copyright cmassengale

19 Proteins copyright cmassengale

20 Proteins (Polypeptides) peptide bonds polypeptidesAmino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions copyright cmassengale

21 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale

22 Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) copyright cmassengale

24 Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale

25 Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesisNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. copyright cmassengale

26 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale

27 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose) copyright cmassengale

28 DNA - double helix P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA copyright cmassengale

29copyright cmassengale