1 ERC Sustainable Development Policies & Measures SD-PAMs Stanford Mwakasonda “Global Challenges toward Low-Carbon Society (LCS) through Sustainable Development (SD) ” COP 12, Nairobi, Kenya November 2006 Energy Research Centre University of Cape Town

2 ERC Sustainable development & Climate Change lSustainable development policies and measures have synergies with required action on climate change lNow commonly referred to as SD-PAMs - Sustainable Development (SD) policies and measures (PAMs) uBack cast from desired future state of development, not GHG reduction goal or cap udefine more sustainable paths to meet development objectives lClimate change as co-benefit of achieving SD uDeveloping countries (DC) focused on basic development needs more than climate change policy lBasis in Article 3.4 of the Convention – right to SD lHypothesis - achieving development more sustainably also reduces GHG emissions

3 ERC Recognition and advantages lRecognized that many DCs have implemented policies that have resulted in emission reduction lSD-PAMs provide opportunity for development and climate goals in a way that reduces their total cost lSD-PAMs becomes an opportunity for DCs to engage in emission reduction effort and codify contribution lSD PAMs provide opportunity for funding to come from any source  What constitutes an eligible “SD-PAM” cold be pledged under the UNFCCC F Commit to adopt new policy and / or implement existing

4 ERC DCs and SD-PAMs l lReport show DCs to have significant policies that reduce emissions u uBrazil: biofuels, energy efficiency u uChina: energy efficiency, coal to gas, afforestation u uIndia: restructuring, clean air laws, renewables u uMexico: using gas, energy efficiency, reduce deforestation u uSA: access, energy efficiency, reform u uTurkey: sector and price reforms l lAll of these policies are driven by national development priorities, not climate change

5 ERC South Africa’s example Development objectives Remove backlog of 2.6 million houses Increased access to affordable energy services Stimulating economic development Securing supply through diversity GHG reduction or increase relative to business-as- usual (current stated policy) 0.05 and 0.6 MtCO 2 -equivalent per year, across all low-cost housing Increase of MtCO 2 2 (upper bound estimate) Reduce CO 2 emissions by 5.5 million tons in MtCO 2 in MtCO 2 in Reductions in CO 2 emissions of All new low-cost houses built with energy efficiency measures Energy Implement free basic electricity (poverty tariff) of kWh / household / month for 1.4 million poor households National energy efficiency programme to ensure 5% reduction in electricity consumption by additional jobs - R800 millionadd’l income Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard - 5% of electricity generation by % by 2025 Possible shift to more sustainable development Housing

6 ERC Conclusions lStart from development objectives, make development more sustainable lFormalise through COP decision to establish SD-PAMs registry and review lImportant to build local capacity in developing countries lBottom-up, trust-building approach uStart with action rather than targets lIf successful could lead to more realistic quantified mitigation commitments for DCs l lQuantify emissions reductions versus “current policy” baseline l lAssess SD impacts qualitatively l lAllow host country to choose SD PAMS, with menu as reference l lSeparate SD PAMs registry with UNFCCC Secretariat l lMandatory monitoring, reporting, and review of SD PAMs

Stanford A.J Mwakasonda Energy Research Centre University of Cape Town