沈阳师范大学 主讲人：张 辉 欧洲历史与文明 第四章 西欧势力的增长

Europe’s Influence on Modern History: Western Europe: a profound and spreading impact on… The Principle Actors: the Dutch: few in number the English: weakened by domestic discord the French: played the most imposing role Chapter 4 The Growing Power of Western Europe ( )

Chapter 4 The Growing Power of Western Europe ( )

Chapter 4 The Growing Power of Western Europe ( ) 4.1 The Grand Monarque and the Balance of Power 4.2 Britain: The Civil War The Triumph of Parliament 4.3 The France of Louis XIV( ) The Triumph of Absolutism The Peace of Utrecht,1713

The Thirty Years’ War ( ) The Peace of Westphalia ( ) The Age of Louis XIV ( ) The War of the Spanish Succession ( ) The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) Chapter 4 The Growing Power of Western Europe ( )

The Thirty Years’ War A series of wars in Central Europe between 1618– It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest. Initially a war between Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmenting Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers of Europe, becoming less about religion and more a continuation of the France–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence. Chapter 4 The Growing Power of Western Europe

The Peace of Westphalia A series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabruck and Munster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic. Chapter 4 The Growing Power of Western Europe

The War of the Spanish Succession A major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the infirm and childless Charles II, the last Habsburg King of Spain. Attempts to solve the problem by dividing the empire between the eligible candidates from the royal Houses of France (Bourbon), Austria (Habsburg), and Bavaria (Wittelsbach) ultimately failed, and on his deathbed Charles II fixed the entire Spanish inheritance on Philip, Duke of Anjou, the second grandson of King Louis XIV of France. With Philip ruling in Spain, Louis XIV had secured great advantages for his dynasty, but to some statesmen a dominant House of Bourbon was seen as a threat to European stability, and jeopardized the 'Balance of Power'. Chapter 4 The Growing Power of Western Europe

4.1 The Grand Monarque & the Balance of Power VS

Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a major country in European history..

William III ( 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange of the House of Orange- Nassau by birth. From 1672, he governed as Stadholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland.

Universal Monarchy A political situation in which one state might subordinate all others to its will.

Balance of Power An effective means to preserve the sovereignty and independence of the states of Europe, or the “liberties of Europe” in the 17 th &18 th centuries, against potential aggressors.

The Dutch Republic officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, Republic of the United Netherlands, or Republic of the Seven United Provinces—was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795.

The Dutch created a bourgeois society that was wealthy, flourishing, civilized and astonishingly creative: Hugo Grotius, one of the creators of international law; Baruch de Spinoza, first modern philosopher; Leeuwenhoek (microscope); Huygens (physics and math), giants of science; Vermeer, Rembrandt in the fine arts ……

The Dutch were characterized by a spirit of toleration that welcomed the dispossessed of that era: Jews and unpopular Protestants. Perhaps more important was the great Dutch fleet of 1600, sailing to the Spice Islands and Japan under the Dutch East India Company; establishing colonies such as Manhattan and the Cape of Good Hope; and forming the Dutch West Indies Company which set up posts in Brazil, Curacao, Guinea. Third, the Bank of Amsterdam, backed by the Dutch government, made Holland the financial center of world: allowing deposit of “mixed money” and issuing notes for florins: soon the main international currency, and innovative use of checks and guaranteed deposits.

The Dutch fought three indecisive wars with England during the reign of Cromwell; their only importance was to bring New York to England. Wars with France were much more serious, and the Dutch successfully used balance of power politics to stop Louis XIV’s aggression in 1667, 1672, and 1689.