Key Terms Section 1: County unit systemIndependent movement Dr. William FeltonFarmers alliance & the Grange Populist movementTom Watson Section 2: DisfranchisementPoll tax Literacy testGrandfather Clause White primary Jim Crow laws Plessy v. FergusonAtlanta Race Riot of 1906 Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Dubois John HopeLugenia Hope Section 3: Progressive Movement Settlement Houses Rebecca Latimer Felton Women’s Suffrage Prohibition Child Labor Leo Frank Case Convict Lease System

Changes in Georgia and the Nation Ch. 15 Sections Politics Politics Politics Segregation and Discrimination Segregation and Discrimination Segregation and Discrimination Segregation and Discrimination The Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement

Politics The Bourbon Triumvirate and the Democratic Party ruled the state of Georgia. The Bourbon Triumvirate and the Democratic Party ruled the state of Georgia. In 1877 the Georgia legislators rewrite the state constitution and create the county unit system. In 1877 the Georgia legislators rewrite the state constitution and create the county unit system. This gave smaller rural counties an advantage in elections to the state legislature. This gave smaller rural counties an advantage in elections to the state legislature.

Politics The Democratic Party leaders were supported by white landowners and successful businessmen (rich) The Democratic Party leaders were supported by white landowners and successful businessmen (rich) Small farmers, tenant/sharecroppers, blacks and poor whites felt unrepresented by the government. Small farmers, tenant/sharecroppers, blacks and poor whites felt unrepresented by the government. This feeling gave rise to an independent This feeling gave rise to an independent movement. movement.

Politics Independent Movement the Independent candidate, Dr. William Felton, from Georgia, won a seat in the US Congress by supporting the small farmers over the large landowners. ( ) Independent Movement the Independent candidate, Dr. William Felton, from Georgia, won a seat in the US Congress by supporting the small farmers over the large landowners. ( ) The formation of small farmer organizations started getting involved in politics. (Farmers Alliance and the Grange had over a million members nationwide) The formation of small farmer organizations started getting involved in politics. (Farmers Alliance and the Grange had over a million members nationwide)

Politics The Populist Movement - created in 1890 by northern and southern farmers to represent their concerns. The Populist Movement - created in 1890 by northern and southern farmers to represent their concerns. Populist party supported the following reforms: Populist party supported the following reforms: -an income tax -vote for women -government control of railroads -programs to provide credit to farmers -direct elections of U.S. Senators by popular vote popular vote

Politics Populist party in Georgia and Texas also worked with the African-Americans. Populist party in Georgia and Texas also worked with the African-Americans. Tom Watson won a legislative office in Georgia thanks to both black and white small farmer votes. Tom Watson won a legislative office in Georgia thanks to both black and white small farmer votes. Watson uniting black and white voters concerned the Democratic Party. Watson uniting black and white voters concerned the Democratic Party. Watson later wins a U.S. Senate seat and becomes very hostile toward African-Americans, Jews, and Catholics. Watson later wins a U.S. Senate seat and becomes very hostile toward African-Americans, Jews, and Catholics.

Section 2 Disfranchisement Disfranchisement Literacy test Literacy test White primary White primary Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Dubois W.E.B. Dubois Poll tax Grandfather Clause Jim Crow laws Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 John Hope Lugenia Hope

Segregation and Discrimination The 13 th -15 th amendments were passed to assure African-Americans of their rights. The 13 th -15 th amendments were passed to assure African-Americans of their rights. The Democratic party wanted to assure that they stayed in power so they severely restricted the black vote. The Democratic party wanted to assure that they stayed in power so they severely restricted the black vote. The right to vote was seen as a means to social equity the white south did not want to occur. The right to vote was seen as a means to social equity the white south did not want to occur.

Segregation and Discrimination Disfranchisement means depriving a person of one of the rights of citizenship, such as the right to vote. Disfranchisement means depriving a person of one of the rights of citizenship, such as the right to vote. Some of the ways whites kept Georgia’s African- Americans disfranchised: Some of the ways whites kept Georgia’s African- Americans disfranchised: poll tax - a fee paid to vote poll tax - a fee paid to vote literacy test - determine if people could read literacy test - determine if people could read Grandfather clause - could vote if father or grandfather voted Grandfather clause - could vote if father or grandfather voted White Primary - blacks could only vote in general election, not primary. White Primary - blacks could only vote in general election, not primary.

Segregation and Discrimination Segregation and Discrimination Before the Civil War, slavery had separated the races. Before the Civil War, slavery had separated the races. After the war, southern states passed Jim Crow Laws to keep them apart. After the war, southern states passed Jim Crow Laws to keep them apart. The government ruled that the 14 th amendment applied only to governments and not private citizens and businesses. The government ruled that the 14 th amendment applied only to governments and not private citizens and businesses. Public places such as restaurants, trains, waiting rooms, and even drinking fountains became segregated. Public places such as restaurants, trains, waiting rooms, and even drinking fountains became segregated.

Segregation and Discrimination African-Americans and their white supporters felt this was unconstitutional and took their complaints to the supreme Court. African-Americans and their white supporters felt this was unconstitutional and took their complaints to the supreme Court. In 1896 the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” facilities were not unconstitutional. (It wouldn’t be until 1954 that it was reversed) In 1896 the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” facilities were not unconstitutional. (It wouldn’t be until 1954 that it was reversed) Separate but Equal became the law of the land. All society was segregated. Separate but Equal became the law of the land. All society was segregated.

Segregation and Discrimination (Racial Violence) From Reconstruction until the 1950’s lynching (shooting or hanging) was used to control African-Americans. From Reconstruction until the 1950’s lynching (shooting or hanging) was used to control African-Americans. Many times these lynchings were started by nothing more than a rumor Many times these lynchings were started by nothing more than a rumor The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 was started when two candidates running for the governors office (Hoke Smith & Clarke Howell) used their newspapers to spread racial rumors. This caused a racial riot in Atlanta with hundreds wounded, 30 dead and thousands leaving Atlanta for safety of countryside. The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 was started when two candidates running for the governors office (Hoke Smith & Clarke Howell) used their newspapers to spread racial rumors. This caused a racial riot in Atlanta with hundreds wounded, 30 dead and thousands leaving Atlanta for safety of countryside.

Segregation and Discrimination Early Civil Rights Leaders Booker T. Washington (teacher) would promote racial acceptance through “earning the respect and right to demand equality.” Booker T. Washington (teacher) would promote racial acceptance through “earning the respect and right to demand equality.” W.E.B. DuBois (professor) believed that African- Americans “deserved” the rights that whites had. W.E.B. DuBois (professor) believed that African- Americans “deserved” the rights that whites had. John Hope (college president) Believed blacks should receive same education as whites. His wife Lugenia Hope also championed African- American causes and programs. John Hope (college president) Believed blacks should receive same education as whites. His wife Lugenia Hope also championed African- American causes and programs.

Segregation and Discrimination Booker T. WashingtonW.E.B. DuBois

Segregation and Discrimination John HopeLugenia Burns Hope

The Progressive Movement The Industrial Revolution creates great wealth, but also causes major social problems. The Industrial Revolution creates great wealth, but also causes major social problems. Progressive Movement —groups working together to improve society Progressive Movement —groups working together to improve society Goals: reform government, promote social welfare, economic reform. Goals: reform government, promote social welfare, economic reform.

The Progressive Movement (Reforms) Railroad Regulation Railroad Regulation Farmers complain of unfair rates, Progressives work for fair treatment Disease Control Disease Control Better disease treatment, prevention; sanitation; food inspection Settlement Houses Settlement Houses Settlement houses help immigrants, poor -free health care, kindergarten, legal aid, laundry -free health care, kindergarten, legal aid, laundry

The Progressive Movement Women’s Rights Women’s Rights Rebecca Latimer Felton campaigns for many causes in Georgia -anti-lynching; opposes drinking, smoking; supports child care -Wants equal status for women, first woman to -Wants equal status for women, first woman to serve in U.S. Senate serve in U.S. Senate Women active in churches, clubs, temperanceWomen active in churches, clubs, temperance leagues. They find new jobs as teachers, sales clerks, journalists

The Progressive Movement Women’s Suffrage Women’s Suffrage Georgia’s leaders not interested in giving the vote to women -grant suffrage only when U.S. passes Nineteenth Amendment, 1920

The Progressive Movement Prohibition Prohibition Georgia progressives campaign to ban drinking before 1919 national ban Georgia is first Southern state to outlaw sale of alcohol, 1907

The Progressive Movement Child Labor Child Labor Georgia bans businesses from hiring young children by 1916 Factories ignore laws, continue to hire children as young as 10

The Progressive Movement The Leo Frank Case in Atlanta The Leo Frank Case in Atlanta Leo Frank, Jewish factory manager, convicted of murdering girl, 1913 Frank kidnapped, lynched; gets 1986 pardon based on new evidence Frank kidnapped, lynched; gets 1986 pardon based on new evidence

The Progressive Movement Convict Lease System Convict Lease System Newspapers, farm and labor groups, churches fight convict lease system (horrible treatment) Georgia abolishes system in 1908, creates new system -adult and child convicts separated -Prisoners live in state prison farms, work on public roads

The Progressive Movement Progressive Movement helps to bring North and South together by tackling problem America shares as a whole. Progressive Movement helps to bring North and South together by tackling problem America shares as a whole.