Native Suicide: Emerging Community Based Integrative Care Models One Sky Center R Dale Walker, MD Patricia Silk Walker, PhD Michelle Singer NARA”s 1st Annual Spirit of Giving Conference Portland, Oregon Sept 3, 2010

NARA is 40! 2 HAPPY BIRTHDAY!

3 One Sky Center Opportunity, Research Excellence Tribal Leadership Training, Consultation, Technical Assistance Education Mentorship

4 Goals for Today Review An Environmental Scan for Natives Discuss Fragmentation and Integration Present Some Behavioral Health Care Issues Define Social Determinants of Health Summarize Critical Issues for Native Peoples

WHO ARE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES? “Indigenous peoples remain on the margins of society: they are poorer, less educated, die at a younger age, are much more likely to commit suicide, and are generally in worse health than the rest of the population." (Source: The Indigenous World 2006, International Working Group on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) WHO 5

6 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WORLD MAP million indigenous peoples living in more than 70 countries

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Native Healthcare Resource Disparities 11

12 Agencies Involved in B.H. Delivery 1. Indian Health Service (IHS) A. Mental Health B. Primary Health C. Alcoholism / Substance Abuse 2. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) A. Education B. Vocational C. Social Services D. Police 3. Tribal Health 4. Urban Indian Health 5.State and Local Agencies 6.Federal Agencies: SAMHSA, VAMC, Justice

13 How are we functioning? (Carl Bell and Dale Walker 7/03) One size fits all Different goals Resource silos Activity-driven

14 We need Synergy and an Integrated System (Carl Bell and Dale Walker 7/03) Culturally Specific Best Practice Integrating Resources Integrating Resources Outcome Driven

15 Behavioral Health Care Issues

Native Health Issues 1.Alcoholism 6X 2.Tuberculosis 6X 3.Diabetes 3.5 X 4.Accidents 3X 5.Poverty 3x 6.Depression 3x 7.Suicide 2x 8.Violence? 1.Same disorders as general population 2.Greater prevalence 3.Greater severity 4.Much less access to Tx 5.Cultural relevance more challenging 6.Social context disintegrated 16

17 SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies, 2001 Adult Serious Mental Illness By Race/Ethnicity: 2001

18 Frequent Mental Distress by Race/Ethnicity and Year Percent * Zahran HS, et al. Self-Reported Frequent Mental Distress Among Adults — United States, 1993–2001. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, MMWR 2004;53(41):  American Indian/ Alaskan Native**  Hispanic  African-American**  White**  Asian, Pacific Islander** ** Non-Hispanic Year

19 Suicide: A Multi-factorial Event Edu., Econ., Rec. Family Disruption/ Domestic Violence Family Disruption/ Domestic Violence Impulsiveness Negative Boarding School Hopelessness Historical Trauma Family History Suicidal Behavior Suicidal Behavior Cultural Distress Psychiatric Illness & Stigma Psychodynamics/ Psychological Vulnerability Psychodynamics/ Psychological Vulnerability Substance Use/Abuse Individual

20 Key Adolescent Risk Factors Aggressive/Impulsive DepressionSubstance Abuse Trauma

21 Suicide Among ages 15-17, 2001 Death rate per 100,000 0 Source: National Vital Statistics System - Mortality, NCHS, CDC Target Total American Indian Asian Hispanic Black White Females Males

22 Suicide: A Native Crisis Source: National Center for Health Statistics 2001

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24 North Dakota Teen Suicide Rates ( rate per 100,000 teens years old)

Blog # 1 I started smoking at the age of eight. Provoking my life of sin to a life of hate, drinking was what made it worse. Thinking of myself while my family hurt. Coming home at late nights with a liquored up shirt, so now I bring it home for my future isn't set in stone. 25

Blog #2 Jealousy, Frustration, Emptiness, Loneliness, Not dependable at all times, Laziness, Pain There Is A Boy Named xxxx. He Always Tries To Fight Me. 26

Blog # 3 My Dad Is Dead. I Struggle With Wanting to Drink or to take Control of My life And Do Whatever I want even if It Hurts Me Emotionally. I will Struggle When I Have Kids One Day, How They Will turn out. 27

Blog #4 There are so many deaths because of stuff Like diabetes, heart diseases, and not Taking good care of your self. And all The drugs and Alcohol… 28

29 Models of Care

30 No Problems Universal/Selective Prevention Brief Intervention Treatment Mild Problems Moderate Problems Severe Problems Thresholds for Action Spectrum of Intervention Responses

31 The Intervention Spectrum for Behavioral Disorders Case Identification Standard Treatment for Known Disorders Compliance with Long-Term Treatment (Goal: Reduction in Relapse and Recurrence) Aftercare (Including Rehabilitation) Source: Mrazek, P.J. and Haggerty, R.J. (eds.), Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Indicated— Diagnosed Youth Selective— Health Risk Groups Universal— General Population

32 Domains Influencing Behavioral Health: A Native Ecological Model IndividualPeers/FamilySociety/CulturalCommunity/Tribe Risk Protection

33 Risk  Mental illness  Age/gender  Substance abuse  Loss  Previous suicide attempt  Personality traits  Incarceration  Failure/academic problems Protective  Cultural/religious beliefs  Coping/problem solving skills  Ongoing health and mental health care  Resiliency, self esteem, direction, mission, determination, perseverance, optimism, empathy  Intellectual competence, reasons for living Risk and Protective Factors: Individual

34 WARNING: IS PATH WARM? I Ideation (ideas/plans about suicide) S Substance Abuse P Purposelessness A Anxiety/Agitation T Trapped H Hopelessness W Withdrawal A Anger R Recklessness M Mood Changes American Association of Suicidology, 2006 Expert Consensus Statement,

35 Suicide is Usually Impulsive in Youth 25% of 153 survivors of near lethal suicide attempts acted within 5 minutes of the impulse to do so 71% acted within one hour Factors associated with the medical severity of suicide attempts in youths and young adults, Swahn MH, Potter LB, 2001

36 Protective Factors Help Important personal resources Strong sense of self-worth & self- esteem Good cognitive skills Sense of personal control Self-management skills Important social resources Cultural/religious beliefs Coping/problem solving skills Ongoing health and mental health care Strong interpersonal bonds Social support, sense of belonging

37 Individual Intervention Identify risk and protective factors counseling skill building improve coping support groups Increase community awareness Access to hotlines other help resources

38 Effective Interventions for Adults Cognitive/Behavioral Approaches Motivational Interventions Psychopharmacological Interventions Modified Therapeutic Communities Assertive Community Treatment Vocational Services Dual Recovery/Self-Help Programs Consumer Involvement Therapeutic Relationships

Culture-Based Interventions Story telling Sweat Lodge Talking circle Vision quest Wiping of tears Drumming Smudging Traditional Healers Herbal remedies Traditional activities 39

40 What are some promising strategies?

Social Determinates of Health: Whitehall Studies Within a hierarchical society, there is a social gradient for morbidity and mortality. (Poverty, sanitation, nutrition, and shelter are controlled.) Higher status folks live longer and healthier. Health Care Improvement Needs More Than Money: Opportunity, Empowerment, Security, Control, and Dignity… Dec 9, Marmot Amartya Sen 1998 Nicholas Stern 2004

. Health ICT HEALTH & SOCIAL JUSTICE GENDER environmental Human rights ageing Science & technology behavioral Socio-cultural Socio- -economic biological health

The Social Determinants of Health The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. Shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels. Are mostly responsible for health inequities - the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries. 43 WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health | August

Conceptual Framework of Health Determinants 44

Critical Elements for Native Peoples Self determination Ecology and environment Economic prosperity, fairness and equity Leadership and capacity strengthening Racism / dominance / imperialism Healing, services, systems, structures Cultural sustainability, protection, stewardship Land Human rights 45

46 An Ideal Intervention Broadly based: Includes individual, family, community, tribe, and society Comprehensive: Prevention: Universal, Selective, Indicated Treatment Maintenance Addresses opportunity, empowerment, security, dignity

47 Partnered Collaboration Research-Education-Treatment Grassroots Groups Community-Based Organizations State/Federal

Six Key Principles Evidence-based predictors of change Leadership Mobilization Community driven Public health approach Strength based Culturally informed Proactive 48

Early child development and education Healthy Places Fair Employment Social Protection Universal Health Care Health Equity in all Policies Fair Financing Good Governance Responsibility Gender Equity Political empowerment – inclusion and voice Areas for Action

50 Contact us at Dale Walker, MD Or visit our website: Again, From the One Sky Center Staff, Happy Birthday NARA