New Imperialism Colonization in 1945

% of territories belonging to Europe/U.S. in 1900 Africa90.4% Polynesia98.9% Asia56.5% Australia100% Americas27.2%

Imperialism, : Economic Influence China ◦ Britain ◦ opium wars ( , ) ◦ spheres of influence Japan ◦ US ◦ Commodore Matthew Perry (1853) Egypt ◦ Britain and France ◦ Muhammad Ali’s modernization ◦ Ismail’s debt

Opium use in China

French cartoon, late 1890s While a Mandarin official helplessly looks on, "China" as a pie is about to be "carved up" by: - Queen Victoria (GB) - Wilhelm II (Germany) - Nicholas II (Russia) - Marieanne (France) - Meiji Emperor (Japan)

Commodore Matthew Perry forced the Japanese to end isolationism

New Imperialism ( ) by western powers formal political control in Africa and Asia

Scramble for Africa

Kick-started by: ◦ Egypt – Britain, 1882 ◦ Congo – Leopold II of Belgium, 1878 Berlin Conference ( ) ◦ Bismarck & Jules Ferry 90% taken = all but Ethiopia & Liberia

Leopold II in the Congo

Scramble for Africa Europeans blew away native peoples w/ superior technology (machine gun) ◦ Omdurman (Sudan, 1898) General Horatio H. Kitchener Death toll: 11,000 Muslim tribesmen, 28 Brits

Scramble for Africa conflicts b/t European powers ◦ Anglo-Boer War (South Africa, ) ◦ Fashoda (Britain vs. France, Sudan, 1898)

AFRICAN POLITICAL ENTITIES BEFORE THE SCRAMBLE

Imperialism in Africa, 1914

% of Africa controlled by European countries in 1913

Imperialism in Asia Dutch East Indies (1815 forward) French Indochina (1880s) British India (1858) Philippines – Spain, then USA (1898)

Imperialism in Asia, 1914

Motives economic ◦ raw materials, markets, outlets for capital political ◦ national glory, national security

More Motives & Justifications religion ideological ◦ Social Darwinism ◦ White Man’s Burden (Rudyard Kipling)

“The White Man’s Burden “The White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.

Additional Causes technological & military superiority ◦ machine gun ◦ quinine ◦ steamship ◦ telegraph ease domestic turmoil special-interest groups

Forms of Imperial Rule colony ◦ direct rule ◦ indirect rule protectorate sphere of influence

What’s up with other major countries/continents? Latin America – Monroe Doctrine (1823) Ottoman Empire – “Sick Man of Europe”

Monroe Doctrine (1823) “Careful gentlemen, that’s a live wire.”

Definitions colonialism: one country’s domination of another country or people formal political control imperialism: similar to colonialism but used more broadly political or economic control exercised formally or informally new imperialism: by western powers formal political control in Africa and Asia

1 st World / 2 nd World / 3 rd World

Post-Cold War World: Developed and Developing Nations