3.6 Solubility Solution: homogeneous mixture or mixture in which components are uniformly intermingled Solution: homogeneous mixture or mixture in which components are uniformly intermingled Solute: substance that is being dissolved in solvent Solute: substance that is being dissolved in solvent Solvent: substance that dissolves solvent and present in a large amount Solvent: substance that dissolves solvent and present in a large amount Aqueous solutions: solutions with water as the solvent Aqueous solutions: solutions with water as the solvent

Solubility Saturated: A solution in which the maximum amount of solvent has been dissolved. Any more solute added will sit as crystals on the bottom of the container Saturated: A solution in which the maximum amount of solvent has been dissolved. Any more solute added will sit as crystals on the bottom of the container Unsaturated: A solution in which more of solute can be dissolved Unsaturated: A solution in which more of solute can be dissolved Concentrated: a relative large amount of solute is being dissolved in solvent Concentrated: a relative large amount of solute is being dissolved in solvent Diluted: a relative small amount of solute is being dissolved in solvent Diluted: a relative small amount of solute is being dissolved in solvent

Solution_Molarity Molarity: the number moles of solute per volume of solution in liters Molarity: the number moles of solute per volume of solution in liters moles of solute Molarity = Molarity = Liters of solution  unit = mol/L or M (molar)  Standard solution: is a solution whose concentration is accurately known.

Example What is the molarity of solution made by dissolving 2.355g of H 2 SO 4 in water and dilutin to a final volume of 50.0mL What is the molarity of solution made by dissolving 2.355g of H 2 SO 4 in water and dilutin to a final volume of 50.0mL Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 11.5 g of solid NaOH in enough water to make 1.50 L of solution Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 11.5 g of solid NaOH in enough water to make 1.50 L of solution

Calculating volume and mass Determine how much volume (in ml) will be needed to dissolved 2.50 g of solid NaCl to make 0.050M solution. Determine how much volume (in ml) will be needed to dissolved 2.50 g of solid NaCl to make 0.050M solution. How many grams of solute would you use to prepare 1.50L of M glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) How many grams of solute would you use to prepare 1.50L of M glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

3.8 Dilution Reducing the original concentration of a chemical solution Reducing the original concentration of a chemical solution A process of transferring solution to achieve a the desired molarity by diluting with solvent A process of transferring solution to achieve a the desired molarity by diluting with solvent Moles of solute after dilution = moles of solute before dilution Moles of solute after dilution = moles of solute before dilution Formula  M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 Formula  M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2

Example What volume of 16 M sulfuric acid must be used to prepare 1.5L of 0.10 M of H 2 SO 4 solution? What volume of 16 M sulfuric acid must be used to prepare 1.5L of 0.10 M of H 2 SO 4 solution? What is the final concentration if 75.0 mL of a 3.50M glucose solution is dilute to a volume of 400.0mL? What is the final concentration if 75.0 mL of a 3.50M glucose solution is dilute to a volume of 400.0mL? Calculate the new molarity if a dilution is made for: Calculate the new molarity if a dilution is made for: 25.0 ml of water is added to 10.0 mL of M CaCl ml of water is added to 10.0 mL of M CaCl 2

Examples Stomach acid, a dilute solution of HCl in water, can be neutralized by reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO 3 NaHCO 3, according to the equation Stomach acid, a dilute solution of HCl in water, can be neutralized by reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO 3 NaHCO 3, according to the equation HCl(aq) + NaHCO 3 (aq)  NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) How many milliliters of 0.125M NaHCO 3 solution are needed to neutralized with 18.0mL of 0.100M HCl?

Examples A 25.0mL sample of oxalic acid is titrated and found to react with 94.7 mL of 0.200M NaOH. What is the molarity of the oxalic acid solution? The reaction is A 25.0mL sample of oxalic acid is titrated and found to react with 94.7 mL of 0.200M NaOH. What is the molarity of the oxalic acid solution? The reaction is 2NaOH(aq) + H 2 C 2 O 4 (aq)  C 2 O 4 Na 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l)

Calculating the mass When aqueous solutions of Na 2 SO 4 and Pb(NO 3 ) 2 are mixed, PbSO 4 precipitates. Calculate the mass of PbSO 4 formed when 1.25 L of M Pb(NO 3 ) 2 and 2.00 L of M Na 2 SO 4 are mixed When aqueous solutions of Na 2 SO 4 and Pb(NO 3 ) 2 are mixed, PbSO 4 precipitates. Calculate the mass of PbSO 4 formed when 1.25 L of M Pb(NO 3 ) 2 and 2.00 L of M Na 2 SO 4 are mixed Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (aq)  PbSO 4 (s) + 2NaNO 3 (aq)

Example What volume of M HNO 3 is required to neutralize with 24.9 ml of M Ba(OH) 2 (aq)? What volume of M HNO 3 is required to neutralize with 24.9 ml of M Ba(OH) 2 (aq)?