Blood

Blood - Introduction Connective Tissue inside blood vessels Connective Tissue inside blood vessels

Blood - Introduction Composed of plasma and formed elements (rbc, wbc, and platelets) Composed of plasma and formed elements (rbc, wbc, and platelets)

Blood - Plasma Plasma is obtained by centrifuging the blood Plasma is obtained by centrifuging the blood

Blood - Serum Serum is obtained by letting the blood clot in a test tube. Serum is obtained by letting the blood clot in a test tube.

Blood - Serum Fluid that lacks clotting factors such as fibrinogen Fluid that lacks clotting factors such as fibrinogen

Interstitial Fluid Fluid outside the vascular system that bathes body cells Fluid outside the vascular system that bathes body cells

Functions of blood Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, heat, wastes, and hormones Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, heat, wastes, and hormones

Functions of blood Regulates pH, body temperature, and water content of cells Regulates pH, body temperature, and water content of cells

Functions of blood Prevents blood loss through clotting Prevents blood loss through clotting

Functions of blood Combats toxins and microbes through certain phagocytic white blood cells and plasma proteins Combats toxins and microbes through certain phagocytic white blood cells and plasma proteins

Physical Characteristics of Blood  viscosity greater than that of water

Physical Characteristics of Blood  Temperature 38 degrees C (100.4)

Physical Characteristics of Blood  ph of 7.35 to 7.45

Physical Characteristics of Blood  8% of body weight

Physical Characteristics of Blood Volume = 4 to 6 liters Volume = 4 to 6 liters

Components of Blood  Blood consists of 1. 55% plasma 2. 45% Formed elements

Plasma  Consists of 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes

Plasma  Principal solutes include proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products such as urea and bilirubin

Plasma  Albumin is a transport protein for steroids

Plasma  Gamma globulins are antibodies  Alpa and Beta globulins transport iron and fats

Plasma  Fibrinogen has a role in clotting

Formed Elements  Composed of; 1. Erythrocytes (RBCs) 2. Leukocytes (WBCs) 3. Thrombocytes (platelets)

Formed Elements  Hematocrit – percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells

Formed Elements  Normal hematocrit for; 1. Male – 42-52% 2. Female – 37-48%

Anemia  A significant drop in hematocrit

Anemia Symptoms include; Symptoms include; 1. Headaches 2. Weakness 3. A feeling like your heart is pounding 4. Fatigue 5. Shortness of breath

Agglutination This process involves antibodies joining red cells together and form clumps This process involves antibodies joining red cells together and form clumps

Formation of Blood Cells All blood cells are formed from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells All blood cells are formed from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

Formation of Blood Cells Pluripotent stem cells divide into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells Pluripotent stem cells divide into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

Formation of Blood Cells Myeloid stem cells give rise to; Myeloid stem cells give rise to; 1. RBCs 2. Plateletes 3. All WBCs except for lymphocytes

Formation of Blood Cells Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphoctyes Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphoctyes

Formation of Blood Cells In order to become mature lymphocytes, the precursor cells leave the marrow and go to the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen In order to become mature lymphocytes, the precursor cells leave the marrow and go to the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen

Red Blood Cells Contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin Contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin

Red Blood Cells Lack nuclei Lack nuclei

Red Blood Cells Each cell contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules Each cell contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules

Red Blood Cells Live 120 days Live 120 days Splenic macrophages remove them from circulation Splenic macrophages remove them from circulation

Red Blood Cells Produce about 2 million red cells/second Produce about 2 million red cells/second

Red Blood Cells Hemoglobin’s function is to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide Hemoglobin’s function is to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

Red Blood Cells Hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide subunits (two alpha and two beta) Hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide subunits (two alpha and two beta)

Red Blood Cells Each polypeptide chain contains a central, iron-containig heme group that combines with oxygen Each polypeptide chain contains a central, iron-containig heme group that combines with oxygen

Red Blood Cells Hemoglobin picks up CO2 in the tissues, which it releases in the lungs Hemoglobin picks up CO2 in the tissues, which it releases in the lungs

Red Blood Cells 23% of CO2 is hemoglobin-bound 23% of CO2 is hemoglobin-bound

Red Blood Cells 70% of CO2 is dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate 70% of CO2 is dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate

Red Blood Cells 7% is dissolved in the plasma as CO2 7% is dissolved in the plasma as CO2

Red Blood Cells Hemoglobin picks up O2 in the lungs and releases it in body tissues Hemoglobin picks up O2 in the lungs and releases it in body tissues

Red Blood Cells 97% of O2 is carried by hemoglobin 97% of O2 is carried by hemoglobin

Red Blood Cells 3% of O2 is dissolved in the plasma 3% of O2 is dissolved in the plasma

RBC Life Cycle RBCs undergo phagocytosis by macrophages RBCs undergo phagocytosis by macrophages

RBC Life Cycle Hemoglobin is recycled Hemoglobin is recycled

RBC Life Cycle The amino acids of hemoglobin are reused for protein synthesis The amino acids of hemoglobin are reused for protein synthesis

RBC Life Cycle The iron portion of the heme group is carried in the blood by transferrin and delivered to muscles or the marrow to be incorporated into new red cells The iron portion of the heme group is carried in the blood by transferrin and delivered to muscles or the marrow to be incorporated into new red cells

RBC Life Cycle The rest of the heme group is converted into bilirubin and excreted into bile The rest of the heme group is converted into bilirubin and excreted into bile

RBC Life Cycle Bile is stored and concentrated into the gall bladder Bile is stored and concentrated into the gall bladder

RBC Life Cycle After fatty meals it is secreted into the small intestine After fatty meals it is secreted into the small intestine

RBC Life Cycle Bilirubin is then converted into urobilinogen Bilirubin is then converted into urobilinogen

RBC Life Cycle Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the blood stream, and the pigment is secreted into the urine as urobilin. Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the blood stream, and the pigment is secreted into the urine as urobilin.

RBC Life Cycle The rest of the urobilinogen in the intestines is coverted into stercobilin, which colors the stool brown The rest of the urobilinogen in the intestines is coverted into stercobilin, which colors the stool brown

White Blood Cells Leukocytes Leukocytes

White Blood Cells Nucleated and doesn’t contain hemoglobin Nucleated and doesn’t contain hemoglobin

White Blood Cells Two types; Two types; 1. Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) 2. Agranular (lymphocytes and monocytes)

White Blood Cells Monocytes differentiate into macrophages Monocytes differentiate into macrophages

White Blood Cells WBCs contain surface proteins called major histocompatibility antigens (MHC) WBCs contain surface proteins called major histocompatibility antigens (MHC) Unique for each person except for identical siblings Unique for each person except for identical siblings

White Blood Cells Live for a few hours or a few days Live for a few hours or a few days

White Blood Cells 5000 – leukocytes/mm – leukocytes/mm3

White Blood Cells Leukocytosis – increase in the number of WBCs Leukocytosis – increase in the number of WBCs

White Blood Cells Leukopenia – abnormally low number of WBCs Leukopenia – abnormally low number of WBCs

White Blood Cells Neutropenia – low neutrophil count Neutropenia – low neutrophil count

White Blood Cells General function of WBCs is to combat inflammation and infection General function of WBCs is to combat inflammation and infection

Neutrophils Kill bacteria by phagocytosis Kill bacteria by phagocytosis

Neutrophils Neutrophil count is elevated during bacterial infections Neutrophil count is elevated during bacterial infections

Eosinophils Secrete histaminase to combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions Secrete histaminase to combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions

Eosinophils Combat parasitic worms Combat parasitic worms

Eosinophils Eosinophil count is elevated during parasitic infections and allergies Eosinophil count is elevated during parasitic infections and allergies

Basophils Develop into mast cells that liberate heparin and histamine in allergic reactions Develop into mast cells that liberate heparin and histamine in allergic reactions

B lymphocytes Differentiate into tissue plasma cells that produce antibodies Differentiate into tissue plasma cells that produce antibodies

T lympocytes Destroy foreign invadors directly Destroy foreign invadors directly

Lymphocytes Elevated during viral infection Elevated during viral infection

Monocytes Main function phagocytosis Main function phagocytosis

Monocyte Develops into macrophages Develops into macrophages

Blood Groups and Blood Types The surface of red blood cells contain genetically determined blood group antigens, called agglutinogens The surface of red blood cells contain genetically determined blood group antigens, called agglutinogens

Blood Groups and Blood Types Blood is categorized into different blood groups based on the presence or absence of various agglutinogens Blood is categorized into different blood groups based on the presence or absence of various agglutinogens

ABO Group Agglutinogens (antigens) A and B determine blood types Agglutinogens (antigens) A and B determine blood types

ABO Group These antigens are located on the surface of red blood cells These antigens are located on the surface of red blood cells

ABO Group Plasma contains agglutins (antibodies), a and b, that react with agglutinogens that are foreign to the individual Plasma contains agglutins (antibodies), a and b, that react with agglutinogens that are foreign to the individual

ABO Group Type A blood has A antigens on the red cells. Type A blood has A antigens on the red cells. Their plasma has anti-B antibodies. Their plasma has anti-B antibodies.

ABO Group Type B blood has B antigens on their red cells and their plasma has anti-A antibodies Type B blood has B antigens on their red cells and their plasma has anti-A antibodies

ABO Group Type AB blood has A and B antigens on their red cells and their plasma has no anti-A or anti-B antibodies Type AB blood has A and B antigens on their red cells and their plasma has no anti-A or anti-B antibodies

ABO Group Type O has neither A nor B antigens on their red cells. Type O has neither A nor B antigens on their red cells. Their plasma has anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Their plasma has anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

ABO Group How can Type O blood be the universal donor? How can Type O blood be the universal donor?

ABO Group Cell pack transfusion Cell pack transfusion

Rh Blood Types In the Rh system, individuals whose erythrocytes have Rh antigens are classified as Rh+ In the Rh system, individuals whose erythrocytes have Rh antigens are classified as Rh+

Rh Blood Types If your are Rh- you do not develop anti-Rh antibodies. If your are Rh- you do not develop anti-Rh antibodies. You need to be exposed to them. You need to be exposed to them.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn If a mother is pregnant for her first time, the circulation of the mother’s blood & the fetal blood is kept separate in the placenta. If a mother is pregnant for her first time, the circulation of the mother’s blood & the fetal blood is kept separate in the placenta.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn Mixing occurs during placental separation at childbirth Mixing occurs during placental separation at childbirth

Hemolytic disease of the newborn A tiny amount of fetal blood gets into the mother A tiny amount of fetal blood gets into the mother

Hemolytic disease of the newborn If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, she will develop anti-D antibodies If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, she will develop anti-D antibodies

Hemolytic disease of the newborn During the next pregnancy, if the fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, her anti-D antibodies will cross the placenta into the fetal bloodstream & cause a hemolytic anemia During the next pregnancy, if the fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, her anti-D antibodies will cross the placenta into the fetal bloodstream & cause a hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic disease of the newborn To prevent development of these antibodies, RhoGam is given around delivery of the first child to “hide” its Rh antigens form the mother’s immune system To prevent development of these antibodies, RhoGam is given around delivery of the first child to “hide” its Rh antigens form the mother’s immune system