Ch. 28: JFK & LBJ:  1960 Election  TV Image  Bobby Kennedy  JFK’s Drawbacks  Military-Industrial Complex  Deficit Spending  Fidel Castro  April 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion  Summer 1961: Berlin Crisis  Berlin Wall  Oct. 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis  Blockade  Never Invade  Hot Line  Limited Test Ban Treaty  Peace Corps  Alliance for Progress  New Frontier  July 1969: Neil Armstrong  West & South  JFK: Limited Involvement  Nov. 22, 1963  Lee Harvey Oswald  Warren Commission  Affirmative Action  Lyndon Baynes Johnson (LBJ)  1964 Election  Great Society  War on Poverty  Medicare  Medicaid  HUD (Housing & Urban Development)  Chief Justice Earl Warren  Court Cases (Worksheet)  Results of the Great Society

Election of 1960  The election of 1960 was about defense What are we protecting ourselves from?  It was between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon  JFK wins election  TV Image was important in this election; the 1960 election had the first television debate was held; those who saw it though Kennedy won; those who heard it on the radio thought Nixon won

JFK is the Winner  JFK had lots of help with his election from brother Bobby Kennedy (his campaign manager)  Bobby Kennedy helped secure the African American vote when he got Martin Luther King Jr. out of jail in the South King arrested for minor traffic violation & sentenced to 4 months hard labor  Kennedy had drawbacks He was Catholic Young (41) Inexperienced  JFK turned those qualities around to make him look good  JFK won a close race

Ike Leaves Office with a Warning Ike warned against the military industrial complex: don’t base your economy on the military; misplaced power

Government Spending  After the election, JFK began to increase US defenses  He used deficit spending: spending more money than the government takes in  He wanted to build a conventional military & nuclear capability; the special forces were created (Green Berets)

CUBA  Fidel Castro led a rebellion in Cuba & took control in 1959  He declared himself a Communist  Ike was still President & was planning a coup in Cuba to get Castro out; he was out of office before he had the change to apply it  JFK was advised of the plan & used it  Castro had taken over US holdings in Cuba; land, oil refineries, sugar companies etc.

April 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion  The Bay of Pigs was an attempt to overthrow Castro in Cuba, led by the US  The US aided 1400 Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba, nothing went right  The US led air strike failed to knock out all the air force, advance groups sent to distract Castro never showed, CIA intelligence was wrong, the exiles were poorly trained …..  Over 90 people were killed & others taken prisoner; some were US citizens  This failure embarrassed the US & JFK  JFK had to negotiate the release of some of the prisoners & paid $53 million dollars in food & supplies as ransom

Berlin Crisis  Summer 1961: JFK & Khrushchev met to discuss Berlin  West Berlin was prosperous & the East was not West – democratic, free trade, participates in Marshall Plan etc. East – Communist, no free trade, no Marshall plan etc.  People were fleeing to the west & the Soviets didn’t like that; it showed Communism wasn’t as good as they said  3 million people had fled to the west in 3 years  The Soviets tried to intimidate JFK; esp. after the Bay of Pigs

Berlin Wall Remember, Remember the 9 th of November  August 1961: Soviets move troops along border of Berlin  Within days, a wall begins to be constructed to divide Berlin (east from west)  Berlin Wall: Separated E. & W. Berlin Lasted until Nov. 9, 1989

Cuban Missile Crisis  A year later, another crisis emerged in Cuba  U-2 spy plane found missile bases in Cuba ready to launch missiles that could hit any city in the US  Oct. 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis lasted about a week & war seemed likely between the US & USSR  The USSR supported Cuba & were sending missiles to them  This was the most dangerous part of JFK’s foreign policy actions  The US organized an invasion army for Cuba & JFK threatened to bomb the USSR if they didn’t pull their missiles out of Cuba & set up a blockade around Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis (Cont’d)  The USSR backed down (makes JFK look good…finally), but provisions were made  The US had to promise never to invade

Better Relations with the USSR  To ensure better relations with the USSR the US did two things under JFK: A hot line was set up between the US & USSR to open communication between the two leaders Limited Test Ban Treaty: Nuclear weapons wouldn’t be tested in the ocean or atmosphere

Other Foreign Policy  JFK set up the Peace Corps where volunteers went to third world countries to aid them  Alliance for Progress was a Marshall Plan for Latin America  Why do we care what happens in Latin America? Containment Reduce the effect of Cuba in the area Peace Corps in Brazil

New Frontier  Kennedy’s platform  Progress in space, science & other areas  Congress fought him on some of these issues

Space Race (to the moon!!)  JFK pushed for money for space; this was a psychological race with the USSR  They had the first satellite; first man in space (Yuri Gagarin) & we wanted to the first on the moon  Alan Shepard was the first American in space  1962: John Glen circled the Earth 3 times  July 1969: Neil Armstrong was the first known human to step on the moon Buzz Aldrin Jr. – 2 nd Man on Moon

As a result…  Massive spending aided the West & South were many space industries were built Why build here?  As the problems of Vietnam escalated, JFK still pushed for only limited involvement in Vietnam No troops

JFK Blown Away!!  Nov. 22, 1963: JFK was in Dallas campaigning for re-election  He was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald (that was the official finding by the US gov’t. & most think this)  Within 48 hours, Oswald would be assassinated by Jack Ruby  Conspiracy theories emerge  The Warren Commission was set up to investigate the assassination & they concluded Oswald was the lone killer

Lee with His Rifle Texas Book Depository Oswald’s Mug Shot

Motorcade Route

Oswald Assassination: Conspiracy? Oswald murdered by Jack Ruby

Affirmative Action  Before he was killed, JFK began affirmative action legislation Making sure women & minorities are given opportunities once denied to them Quota system

LBJ Takes Over  After Kennedy’s assassination, Lyndon B. Johnson took the oath of office & became President  Johnson served from & was a Democrat  He immediately began to get ready for re-election  1964 election: Key issues were poverty & civil rights  LBJ won

The Great Society  LBJ’s idol was FDR & he wanted to create a New Deal of his own  Johnson’s platform was the Great Society, his New Deal Targeted the poor There were several parts of this program (see handout)  Other civil rights legislation was passed (next chapter)

War on Poverty  LBJ wanted to attack poverty in several ways Food stamps, welfare, head start Medicare: Low cost insurance for the elderly Medicaid: Low cost insurance for the poor Housing & Urban Development (HUD): Provided low income housing

Appalachia  Among the poorest areas in the country  Many people without electricity & indoor plumbing  LBJ began to build this area up

The Great Society tackled big problems in the country, but ran out of money as the US got more involved in Vietnam & spent more money there

Court Cases You Need to Know  Chief Justice Earl Warren led the way for more liberal court decisions  He would be involved in Brown v. Board (next chapter)  Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 Evidence seized illegally cannot be used against you in court - exclusionary rule  Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 Free legal council to those who cannot afford it Provided by the gov’t.  Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 You must read a suspect their rights before questioning Miranda Rights Right to remain silent Right to have attorney present during questioning Right to have an attorney appointed to you if you can’t afford one (court case?) Right to stop answering questions at any time Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964 An attorney had to be present during questions

Some people felt the courts were giving too many rights to criminals What do you think?

Results of the Great Society  The number of poor did decrease  The deficit increased  Created a Republican backlash that led to more conservative leaders & ideas  LBJ would do a lot for civil rights, but some said it wasn’t enough (next chapter)  Wasn’t as effective due to Vietnam