3/31/2010 EMERGING PATTERNS IN THE LANDSCAPE Prof. Dr. Ir. Hadi Susilo Arifin, M.S Landscape Architecture Department, Graduate School – IPB Bogor LANDSCAPE HETEREGONEITY every landscape, and may be defined as the uneven, non-random distribution of objects and is perceived at any scale of investigation. Two main patterns: Heterogeneity and Ecotones both are produced by different processes, of which disturbance and fragmentation in particular are very influential. Three different types of heterogeneity:  Heterogeneity is the main character of  Spatial Heterogeneity  Temporal Heterogeneity  Functional Heterogeneity Spatial Heterogeneity  May be seen as a static or a dynamic pattern.  Has effects on many ecological processes: soil formation, weathering, plant and animal. distribution, abundance and movements, water and nutrients fluxes, energy storing and recycling.  May be divided into HORIZONTAL and VERTICAL components. 1

(m) 3000 montana alpine rainforest tea plantation bam bo Gede w ith sm allpond,cow,sheep and rabit ngo National pek 2000 Park dry field GPNPZone, forest bamboija dryf plantationand tea palaw plantation vegetable dryfield pek,fishpond,chicken,goat m ixedgarden mixedgardenpek, 2 paddyfieldlow landfishpond,chicken, paddyfieldbuffalo 1000duck,goat & MangunkertaHamlet fishpond CugeunangSub-district,City, KarangTengahCianjur SelajambeHamlet Distance(km) (km) Figure oflanduseprofile ofstudysites inWest 2 Landscape profile by the altitude in Cianjur Watershed Source: Arifin (2000) Source: Arifin (1996) 3/31/2010 Source: Arifin (2001) Ci-anjur Watershed 1991 Temporal Heterogeneity  Has a meaning similar to spatial heterogeneity.  Is measured as a variation at one point in space for different time.  Two locations may have identical temporal patterns but be asynchronous in time. Source: Octaviana, 2001 Ci-anjur Watershed 1997 Functional Heterogeneity  Is the heterogeneity of ecological entities (distribution of individuals, population, species, communities).  May be linked to the life history of organism at several scale. Heterogeneity may initiate or exaggerate biological interactions with the environment.  Local uniqueness: determined by local character and by past site-related history or distinctiveness  is a relevant contributor to spatial heterogeneity.

3 3/31/2010 Three main categories of Fig Page 85 (Farina): Habitat heterogeneity as a function of spatial scale of disturbance  A: diffusion of disturbance in a homogeneous habitat  B: Diffusion of disturbance in a heterogeneous habitat Heterogeneity may be measured using different indices: fractal dimension, contagion, evenness and patchiness. Fig Page 93 (Farina): Responses of four indices of spatial heterogeneity to the four components of spatial heterogeneity. Definitions, functions, time & space scale and factors shaping ecotones spatial aggregation:  Divide homogeneous  Undivided heterogeneous  Divided heterogeneous Fig Page 88: Possible combination of patchiness in a heterogeneous landscape. ECOTONES  Are zones of transition between adjacent ecological systems, having a set of characteristics uniquely defined by space and time scales and by strength of the interactions between adjacent ecological systems.  Are situated where the rate and the dimension of ecological transfers (solar energy, nutrient exchange) have an abrupt change. DEFINITIONS:  Site in which energy exchange and material are highest.  Transition zones between different habitat.  Tension zones between systems at different maturities.

3/31/2010 Functions (ecotones as cellular membranes)  Passive diffusion  Active diffusion  Filter or barrier  Accumulation  Sink  Source  Habitat Factor shaping ecotones  Exogenous Factors: topography, climate, hydrography.  Endogenous Factors: ecological succession/competition, disturbance, stress, human activity. Spatiotemporal scales and ecotones  Spatial scale: Micro-ecotone, Meso- ecotone, Macro-ecotone, Mega-ecotone  Temporal scale: Ephemeral, Seasonal, Permanent Five hierarchical levels for ecotones & the constraint variables  Biome: climate (weather) x topography  Landscape: weather x topography x soil characteristic  Patch: soil characteristic x biological vectors x species interactions x microtopography x microclimatology  Population: interspecies interactions x interspecies interactions x physiological controls x population genetic x microtopography x microclimatology  Individual: interspecies interactions x interspecies interactions x physiological controls x plant genetic x microclimatology x soil chemistry x soil fauna x soil microflora etc. THANK YOU 4