…a Dimensional Restriction Primer

The Nanoscale m = 1 Ångstrom m = 1 nanometer 1 billion nanometers in 1 meter 1 billion meters circle globe 77x m = 1 micrometer m = 1 millimeter

Naturally Nano Human Rhinovirus 32 nm diameter 10 nm TEM Image

Especially Nano DNA Double Helix 2 nm diameter 1 nm

Hypo Nano Metallic Casting 1 nm defects 1 nm TEM Image

Vital Nanostructures Natural termination of growth at nanometer dimensions? Viruses Single cellular units Passivating surfaces Encapsulated molecular clusters Embedded crystallites Aerosol particulates

Unnatural Nanostructures Nanostructures at risk Unsatisfied bonds High surface-to-volume ratio High driving force for coarsening

Why Nano? Spatial Conservation Smaller, faster, lighter Functional localization Dimensional Restriction Novel intrinsic properties Novel fabrication methodologies

NanoCircuits Silicon Oxide Metal Reducing spatial constraints 1 nm TEM Images

NanoFilms 10 nm 32 nm >5  m Co 72 Cr 18 Pt 10 Ni 77 P 23 Al-Mg platen Cr 83 Ta 17 Magnetic media

NanoMedia Piercing the superparamagnetic limit Present: 35 Gbits/in 2 Next: 50 Gbits/in 2 10 nm MFM Image

Novel NanoProperties Achieving quantum confinement Quantum wells Quantum wires Quantum dots n(E) E E E E 3-D2-D1-D0-D

Bandgap engineering Sharply-defined energy levels Energy gap “tuned” by confinement Nudging NanoProperties E (k) k k

NanoSynthesis Challenge: dimensional restriction Approach: “top down” Selective removal of material Approach: “bottom up” Selective addition of material 30 nm Gold Nanoparticle TEM Image

Nano Machining Professor Kris Pister Micro Robot Arm Nano Assembler 10 6 nm SEM Image

Nano Illumination Steerable Laser Nano Optics Professor Connie Chang-Hasnain 100  m = 10 5 nm SEM Image

Nano Fenestration 100  m = 10 5 nm SEM Image Professors Luke Lee, Al Pisano Confocal Microscope on a Chip In-Vivo Biological Imaging

Nano Casting SEM image 40nm Metal Nanowires Ceramic Crucibles TEM image Professors Ron Gronsky, Angy Stacy

Nano Analysis Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry 4 nm focused electron probe Bi Al 2 O 3 EFTEM Images Intensity Energy loss (eV) 10nm Professor Ron Gronsky

Nano Electroforming 50 nm TEM image Professors Ron Gronsky, Tim Sands, Angy Stacy CoSb 3 Nanowires / Pt Electrode Thermoelectrics

Nano Deposition Si-Ge Quantum Dots Stranski-Krastanov Conditions Strain-Induced 3-D Islands Professors Connie Chang-Hasnain, Oscar Dubon, Tim Sands 50 nm TEM Image 50 nm AFM Image

Nano Templating Professors Paul Alivasatos, Peidong Yang DNA Fragment / Nanoclusters Catalysis / Nanowires TEM Image

Nano Bearings Professor Alex Zettl 40 nm TEM Image Concentric Nanotubes “Non-contact” TEM Image 20 nm TEM Image

SEM Images 100  m = 10 5 nm Nano Furnace RT Thermal Conductivity of Nanotube 3000 W/ m-K ≈ 2x diamond Professor Arun Majumdar

Nano Assay PSA detection 4 ng/ml required 0.2 ng/ml possible

Nanotrends Nano Not MEMS enabling nanotechnology Sensing, tooling, nanobots Scaling methodologies New synthetic protocols Directed assembly Thermal, mechanical, chemical, biological Hyperdisciplinary collaboration Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Engineering Industry, National Labs, Academia