Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Republic Chapter

Federalists vs. Republicans Election of 1800: Jefferson vs. Adams “whispering campaign” Jefferson accused of having an affair w/ one of his slaves Sally Hemings

Election of 1800 Jefferson wins by majority Aaron Burr serves as vice president Tied w/ Jefferson in electoral college Decision goes to House of Representatives, choose Jefferson “Revolution of 1800” Overthrow of Federalist First party overturn

Jeffersonian Restraint Pardoned prisoners of Alien & Sedition Acts Naturalization Law of reduced requirement of 14 years of residence to previous 5 years. Did away w/ excise tax Albert Gallatin- Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson; believed national debt wasn't a blessing reduced the national debt w/ strict economy

Judiciary Judiciary Act of 1801 Midnight Judges “Packing” to entrench their party in judiciary branch John Marshall- Federalist judge who was not removed James Madison- New secretary of state

Marbury v. Madison Madison cut judge Marbury's salary; Marbury sued James Madison for his pay. Court ruled that Marbury had right to his pay but court did not have the authority to force Madison to give Marbury his pay. Decision showed that the Supreme Court had the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution (JUDICIAL REVIEW)

Jefferson, A Reluctant Warrior Made military smaller Barbary States leader of Tripoli informally declared war on the United States. Jefferson sent navy to Tripoli & after 4 years of fighting, a deal was reached. U.S. paid Tripoli $60,000 for the release of captured Americans.

Louisiana Napoleon convinced king of Spain to give Louisiana land area to France in 1800 Jefferson sends Monroe to join Livingston in France to buy as much lands as they could for 10 million Napoleon gives up dream of world empire & agrees to sell for 2 reasons:  Failed to re-conquer island of Santo-Domingo (LA to serve as source of foodstuffs)  Britain controlled seas; didn’t want to give LA to Britain; would rather have US money

Louisiana Robert Livingston & James Monroe negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area Signed treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million. Americans signed 3 treaties and got much land to the west of the Mississippi. 820,000 square miles at 3 cents/acre. Jefferson sent his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase.

Louisiana Purchase Doubled size of United States Strict constructionist Precedent: acquisition of foreign territory by purchase Lewis & Clark: 2 ½ year expedition Scientific observation of Indians in the region “immense herds of buffalo, elk, deer, and antelope feeding in one common and boundless pasture”

Aaron Burr Conspiracies Dropped from cabinet during Jefferson’s second term Plotted secession of New England & New York Hamilton exposed the plot Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel Burr kills Hamilton w/ one shot Leads to demise of his political career

Burr Conspiracy General James Wilkinson- corrupt military governor of Louisiana Territory Planned (w/ Burr) to separate the western part of the United States from the East & invade Spanish- controlled Mexico and Florida betrayed Burr when he learned that Jefferson knew of the plot Burr was acquitted of the charges of treason by Marshall & he fled to Europe.

Neutral America Jefferson reelected in 1804 by a HUGE margin ( ; Charles Pinckney) England: power of seas; France: power of Land; America: neutral Orders in Council, closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping (includes Americans) No way to trade w/ either nation without fighting Impressment

Embargo Weak navy & weak army Embargo Act- Embargo Act- Forbade the export of all goods from the United States Peaceful coercion What were the effects of the Embargo Act in the United States? Non-Intercourse Act- formally reopened trade with all nations of the world except France & Britain Replaces Embargo Act Ineffective; leads to War of 1812

Why did the Embargo fail? Underestimated determination of the British Overestimated the dependence of Britain and France on American trade Miscalculated unpopularity & difficulty of enforcement

Madison James Madison became president on March 4, 1809 Macon’s Bill No. 2 British refuse to revoke Orders in Council (had control of seas) Madison reestablished embargo against Britain alone End of American neutrality  War of 1812

Tecumseh & The Prophet War Hawks Tecumseh & The Prophet (Tenskatawa) unified Indian tribes in a last-ditch battle w/ settlers; allied w/ British Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison

Mr. Madison’s War On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress to declare war on the British & it agreed. The Democratic-Republicans who supported the war ("war hawks") felt that the country had to assert American rights to the world. wanted to invade Canada, the Indians' stronghold, bc the Indians were being armed by British to attack the settlers. The Federalists were opposed because they supported Britain.