Unifying the Geometry of General Relativity with the Virtual Particle Nature of Quantum Electrodynamics John R. Laubenstein IWPD Research Center Naperville, Illinois Tel: American Physical Society 2007 March Meeting Denver, Colorado

We pose the question: What if the universe is not best described by points – but, rather as two-dimensional rings that have been expanding since the origin of space and time?

This results in no conceptual change to Spacetime, but rather simply a change in the way we describe Spacetime.

The basic concept of String Theory is projected beyond the Planck Scale to the Macro-World One spatial dimension is expressed through two-dimensional rings (or rods) and not as points Time is measured through the expansion of these rings (or rods).

This ring has been dubbed as the “ Energime ” The properties of the energime are manifested in one of three fundamental quantum values:

The Equivalence of Time and a Spatial Dimension through 2D “Rods” or “Rings” (a) (b) (c) (a) Light cone with dashed lines showing passage of time (b) Cylinder defined by two-dimensions of space and “time-lines” (c) Geometric conversion of the surface area of a cylinder to a sphere depicting a 2-dimensional space defined by points (blue) and a third dimension manifested as rings and representing both the evolution of a spatial dimension and the passage of time

Two-Dimensional Surface with Rods Defining both a Spatial Dimension and Time

Each Rod Defines a Space on the 2D Space Grid

Rotating the 2D Surface

Two-Dimensional Space Grid (2DSG) with rods extended outward from the planar surface defining both the 3 rd spatial dimension along with the passage of time

Energime Field Associated with Massive Object

Distortion of Flat Space due to Massive Object

Changing energime field Massive Object

Gravitational Force Determined by a change in scale (gauge) between the Background Energime Field (BEF) and a Local Energime Field (LEF).

This change in scale can be equivalently viewed as: The “warping” of space and spacetime The transfer (emission and absorption) of a quantum particle (energime)

The “warping” of space and spacetime LEF BEF Velocity

Quantitatively: From Infinity BEF = Unity (by definition) LEF BEF Velocity

Quantitatively: Between any Two Points

Quantitatively: The Velocity of an Object in a Gravitational Free Fall

The Velocity Equation is based on the Geometry of Space and Spacetime LEF BEF Velocity

The transfer (emission and absorption) of a quantum particle (energime) LEF BEF Energy and Momentum Space and Spacetime remain flat

Quantitative: The Addition of Energy (Mass) from a Gravitating Object BEF Energy = Unity LEF BEF Energy (mass) and Momentum

Quantitative: The LEF Momentum Due to a Gravitating Object LEF BEF Energy (mass) and Momentum BEF Momentum = 0

The Emission and Absorption of a Force- Transmitting Particle LEF BEF Energy (mass) and Momentum The energy gain and momentum of a free falling mass is determined exactly by the LEF Energy and LEF Momentum absorbed from the field resulting in the velocity of an object in flat space and spacetime

Geometry LEF BEF Velocity due to the absorption of Energy and Momentum from the Field Particle LEF BEF Velocity

Gravity and Electrostatic Force Gravity is due to the propagation of a real particle (energime) and is always attractive Electrostatic Force is propagated through a “virtual” particle that emits and absorbs energy and momentum creating both an attractive and repulsive force

Electrostatic Force The only other allowable force mitigating particle with an infinite reach has a mass of

K represents a proportionality constant for the given force field and is equal to: Gravitational ForceElectrostatic Force

Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) Force is propagated through the exchange of virtual photons The path of these photons can be any one of an infinite number of paths

Cosmological Accomplishments of Energime Theory 14.2 Billion Years: predicted age of the universe Dark Energy: provides a physical explanation through the emission of free energimes that expand vacuum Accelerated Rate of Expansion: free energime emission predicts an acceleration rate in agreement with observation

Final Thought Is it possible that the universe is not best described by points – but, rather with ever expanding energime rings that change the way we describe Spacetime? John R. Laubenstein IWPD Research Center Naperville, Illinois Tel: American Physical Society 2007 March Meeting Denver, Colorado