Unit 3 Introduction to terminology: Ethnicity, race, minority, multiculturalism & racism Laura Laubeova

Unit Structure Activity on identityActivity on identity Ethnicity, race, minorit, relationship, racismEthnicity, race, minorit, relationship, racism MulticulturalismMulticulturalism Racism, discriminationRacism, discrimination Inclusion, rights, equityInclusion, rights, equity Homework 1Homework 1

Identity and Inclusion Citizens are not only individuals, but also members of particular religious, ethnic, cultural and regional communities….Britain is both a community of citizens and a community of communities…Every society must find a way both to nurture diversity and foster a common sense of belonging and a shared identity. (Parekh, 2000, pp. viii-ix)Citizens are not only individuals, but also members of particular religious, ethnic, cultural and regional communities….Britain is both a community of citizens and a community of communities…Every society must find a way both to nurture diversity and foster a common sense of belonging and a shared identity. (Parekh, 2000, pp. viii-ix)

Activity Spend a moment now thinking about your own multiple identities I have thought about my own and started off with…..white woman, wife, mother, grandmother, grandchild of Russian immigrants who fled the pograms; raised in South Africa, lived and worked in England for most of my life; teacher and writer; immediate connections through my upbringing and my family with Dominica in the Caribbean, Canada, South Africa, West Africa, New Zealand, Guatemala; loves music and gardening.I have thought about my own and started off with…..white woman, wife, mother, grandmother, grandchild of Russian immigrants who fled the pograms; raised in South Africa, lived and worked in England for most of my life; teacher and writer; immediate connections through my upbringing and my family with Dominica in the Caribbean, Canada, South Africa, West Africa, New Zealand, Guatemala; loves music and gardening.

When you have done this, the next step is for you as a group to learn about each other and consider the overlaps between your own and others’ sense of who they are. Physically move around the room to form small groups who share at least one of your identities (e.g. thinks themselves as musical). Change the categories decide for yourselves a category.

Whilst you are emphasising your personal and individual identities through let us say, art, poetry, music or dance, the important concept here is how identities overlap.

Ethnicity, race, culture, identity, racism, discrimination Eriksen, T. H.: “Ethnicity, Race, Class and Nation “,Eriksen, T. H.: “Ethnicity, Race, Class and Nation “, text 4, in Hutchinson, John, Smith Anthony, eds. (1996) Ethnicity Van den Berghe, Pierre: “Does race matter?”,Van den Berghe, Pierre: “Does race matter?”, text 9, in Hutchinson (above) Cornell, S., Hartmann, D. (1998) Ethnicity and Race. Making Identities in a Changing WorldCornell, S., Hartmann, D. (1998) Ethnicity and Race. Making Identities in a Changing World text on The definition of race Richmond, A. (1994) Global ApartheidRichmond, A. (1994) Global Apartheid on power, conflict, identity (good description of race and ethnicity)

Definitions related to ethnicity From ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community. “Ethnie“ is a named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared historical memories, one or more elements of common culture, a link with a homeland, a sense of solidarity among at least some members. - covers both majority and minority population. - covers both majority and minority population.vs multiple identities, situational (transcending) ethnicities, hybridity

2 basic + 3 complementary approaches: 1. Primordialists focus on primordial ties (but static naturalist, ethnic id. overlapping with other types of id.) Sociobiologists - mechanisms of nepotism and inclusive fitness based on genetic reproductive capacity (reductionism) 2. Instrumentalists Symbols for political goals, rational choices. Socially constructed nature of ethnicity. But neglect wider cultural environment, affective and collective dimensions. Interests only in material terms. But neglect wider cultural environment, affective and collective dimensions. Interests only in material terms.

Approaches to ethnicity – cont. 3. Transactionalists Frederick Barth – social boundaries, ascribed ethnicity 4. Social psychological Horowitz, Tajfel 5. Ethno-symbolists Myths & symbols. nostalgia… AD Smith, Armstrong (Hutchinson, Smith: Introduction) See also Cornell, Hartmann, in Reader p. 15: Circumstantialists vs Primordialists

Race Biology & natural sciences – no longerr since 70´sBiology & natural sciences – no longerr since 70´s Race remains a legitimate concept for sociological analysis because social actors treat it as real and organise their lives and practices by reference to it (van den Berghe)Race remains a legitimate concept for sociological analysis because social actors treat it as real and organise their lives and practices by reference to it (van den Berghe) Robert Miles: race is only an ideological construct that is used by social scientists for legitimising the status quoRobert Miles: race is only an ideological construct that is used by social scientists for legitimising the status quo D. Mason : “Clearly there are no such things as races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of people behave as if there are”D. Mason : “Clearly there are no such things as races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of people behave as if there are”

Race in biology see researches in genetics in the 80´s e.g. Rose, Steven, Lewontin, Richard, Kamin, Leon (1990) Not In Our Genes. Biology, ideology and human nature, London: Penguin Books Stephen Gould (1996) The Mismeasure of Man Ellis Cashmore (1996) Dictionary of Race and ethnic relations

Race – cont. Mason: „race is a social relationship in which structural positions and social actions are ordered, justified, and explained by reference to systems of symbols and beliefs which emphasise the social and cultural relevance of biologically rooted characteristics“. In other words, the social relationship race presumes the existence of racism and institutional racism.In other words, the social relationship race presumes the existence of racism and institutional racism.

Preamble of the EU Race Directive “The European Union rejects theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate human races. The use of the term "racial origin" in this Directive does not imply an acceptance of such theories”. Race is a social construct, i.e. a category without any biological underpinning

Race vs ethnicity Race is often treated as ideologyRace is often treated as ideology ethnicity as a real phenomenon.ethnicity as a real phenomenon. Racial refers mainly to physical terms,Racial refers mainly to physical terms, ethnic rather to cultural terms.ethnic rather to cultural terms. Race refers to them,Race refers to them, ethnicity to us.ethnicity to us. Both concepts always imply social relationship.Both concepts always imply social relationship.

Minority ”group of people distinguished by physical or cultural characteristics”group of people distinguished by physical or cultural characteristics subject do different and unequal treatment by the society in which they live subject do different and unequal treatment by the society in which they live and who regard themselves as victims of collective discrimination“and who regard themselves as victims of collective discrimination“ 1945 Louis Wirth

Minority - cont. must be a 'non dominant' group;must be a 'non dominant' group; its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population‚its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population‚ must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language'must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language' (Capotorti as quoted from MRG ).

Minority - cont. Also non dominant groups that may be a numerical majority in a state,Also non dominant groups that may be a numerical majority in a state, those who are not necessarily nationals or citizens of the state where they reside.those who are not necessarily nationals or citizens of the state where they reside.MRG