Fig. 15-0a

Fig. 15-0b

Fig. 15-0c

Fig. 15-1

Fig. 15-2

Fig. 15-3a

Fig. 15-3b-1 Monomers Formation of short RNA polymers: simple “genes” 1

Fig. 15-3b-2 Monomers Formation of short RNA polymers: simple “genes” 1 Assembly of a complementary RNA chain, the first step in replication of the original “gene” 2

Fig Phanerozoic eon Colonization of land Paleozoic Animals Meso- zoic Cenozoic Origin of solar system and Earth Humans Single-celled eukaryotes Atmospheric oxygen Multicellular eukaryotes Prokaryotes Proterozoic eon Archaean eon Billions of years ago

Fig Time (thousands of years) 1 –– –81–8 1 –– 32 1–21–2 1–41– Fraction of Carbon-14 remaining

Fig. 15-6

Fig. 15-6a

Fig. 15-6b

Fig. 15-7a North American Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Philippine Plate Indian Plate Antarctic Plate Australian Plate Eurasian Plate African Plate South American Plate Nazca Plate Pacific Plate Arabian Plate Caribbean Plate Scotia Plate Cocos Plate

Fig. 15-7b Present Eurasia Millions of years ago Mesozoic Cenozoic Paleozoic Madagascar India Australia Africa Antarctica South America North America Laurasia Gondwana Pangaea

Fig. 15-7c

Fig. 15-7d North America = Living lungfishes Australia Africa Asia Europe South America = Fossilized lungfishes

Fig San Andreas Fault North American Plate Santa Cruz San Francisco Pacific Plate Los Angeles California

Fig. 15-8a

Fig North America Chicxulub crater Yucatán Peninsula Yucatán Peninsula

Fig. 15-9a Yucatán Peninsula

Fig. 15-9b

Fig Ancestral mammal Reptilian Ancestor 250 Millions of years ago Eutherians (placental mammals; 5,010 species) Marsupials (324 species) Monotremes (5 species)

Fig a Gills

Fig b Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult Human fetus Human adult

Fig c Missing pelvic spine

Fig Light-sensitive cells Fluid-filled cavity Optic nerve Layer of light-sensitive cells (retina) Light-sensitive cells Eye cup Nerve fibers Nerve fibers Optic nerve Lens Transparent protective tissue (cornea) Simple pinhole camera-type eye Eye with primitive lens Optic nerve Complex camera-type eye Cornea Retina Eye cup Patch of light- sensitive cells Limpet AbaloneNautilus Marine snail Squid

Fig a Light-sensitive cells Nerve fibers Patch of light- sensitive cells Limpet

Fig b Light-sensitive cells Eye cup Nerve fibers Eye cup Abalone

Fig c Fluid-filled cavity Optic nerve Layer of light-sensitive cells (retina) Simple pinhole camera-type eye Nautilus

Fig d Layer of light-sensitive cells (retina) Optic nerve Lens Transparent protective tissue (cornea) Eye with primitive lens Marine snail

Fig e Lens Optic nerve Complex camera-type eye Cornea Retina Squid

Fig RECENT Hippidion and other genera PLEISTOCENE MIOCENE PLIOCENE OLIGOCENE EOCENE Equus Nannippus Pliohippus Neohipparion Megahippus Callippus Hipparion Sinohippus Anchitherium Archaeohippus Hypohippus Merychippus Parahippus Miohippus Mesohippus Orohippus EpihippusPaleotherium Propalaeotherium Pachynolophus Hyracotherium Grazers Browsers

Fig

Fig a Species: Felis catus Genus: Felis Family: Felidae Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Bacteria Domain: EukaryaArchaea

Fig b Order Genus Family Felis Felidae Mephitis Mustelidae Lutra Carnivora Canidae Canis Species Felis catus (domestic cat) Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Lutra lutra (European otter) Canis latrans (coyote) Canis lupus (wolf)

Fig a Iguana TAXA Long gestation Duck-billed platypus Kangaroo Beaver CHARACTERS Character Table Gestation Hair, mammary glands Long gestation Gestation Hair, mammary glands Iguana Duck-billed platypus Kangaroo Beaver Phylogenetic Tree

Fig aa Iguana TAXA Long gestation Duck-billed platypus Kangaroo Beaver CHARACTERS Character Table Gestation Hair, mammary glands

Fig ab Long gestation Gestation Hair, mammary glands Iguana Duck-billed platypus Kangaroo Beaver Phylogenetic Tree

Fig b Birds Ornithischian dinosaurs Pterosaurs Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Saurischian dinosaurs

Fig c Eggs Front limb Hind limb

Fig Procyonidae Ursidae American black bear Spectacled bear Asian black bear Raccoon Lesser panda Brown bear Pleistocene Pliocene 35 Oligocene Millions of years ago Miocene Polar bear Giant panda Sloth bear Sun bear

Fig Computer model of HIV Differences between HIV sequences Year

Fig a Most recent common ancestor of all living things Gene transfer between mitochondrial ancestor and ancestor of eukaryotes Gene transfer between chloroplast ancestor and ancestor of green plants Billions of years ago Archaea Eukarya Bacteria

Fig b Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Fig. 15-UN1 2.1 bya: First eukaryotes (single-celled) 1.2 bya: First multicellular eukaryotes 3.5 bya: First prokaryotes (single-celled) 3.5 Billions of years ago (bya) 500 mya: Colonization of land by fungi, plants, and animals

Fig. 15-UN2

Fig. 15-UN3 (a) (b)(c) (d)

Fig. 15-UN4 evolutionary relationships Systematics traces generates hypotheses for constructing shown in (a) shared ancestral characters cladistics sequence of branch points (f) nucleotide sequences (b) (c)(d) (e) analysis identifies must distinguish from seen in using based on usingdetermine

Fig. 15-UN5 Outgroup