AP Review #6  Medulla Oblongata-  Pons-  Cerebellum-  Basal Ganglia-  Thalamus-

Answers:  Medulla Oblongata- lower region of brain; regulates heart rhythm, blood flow, breathing rate, digestion, vomiting  Pons- Bridge between cerebral hemispheres and medulla and cerebellum; arousal  Cerebellum- “little brain”; motor function; balance  Basal Ganglia- links thalamus with motor cortex; reward and punishment learning  Thalamus- “relay station”; vision, hearing, taste, skin senses, NOT smell

Anxiety Disorders

a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. will The patient fears something awful will happen to them. Often called Neuroses

What is anxiety? A state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear. or effort to control it Differs from normal day to day anxiety in that anxiety – or effort to control it – begins to take control and dominate life Hey…that sounds like me…right???

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (cant relax)A person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal (cant relax) Anxiety is not tied to any particular object or situation Anxiety has a “free-floating” quality can lead to the more serious panic disorder The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and may suffer from insomnia. - can lead to the more serious panic disorder

Panic Disorder sudden bouts of intense unexplained terror –Panic attacks –episodes of intense dread, chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations –People may think they are “going crazy” –More than three in six months is cause for alarm agoraphobia or social phobias Can cause secondary disorders, such as agoraphobia or social phobias.

Phobias Irrational or excessive fears of particular objects or situations –People recognize that fears are irrational, but still avoid situations or objects –Three types –Social phobia, specific phobia, and agoraphobia

The Phobia List Link

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (obsessions) (compulsions).characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive actions (compulsions). –Becomes OCD when it takes control of our lives

Common Examples of OCD Common Obsessions:Common Compulsions: Contamination fears of germs, dirt, etc. Washing Imagining having harmed self or others Repeating Imagining losing control of aggressive urges Checking Intrusive sexual thoughts or urgesTouching Excessive religious or moral doubtCounting Forbidden thoughtsOrdering/arranging A need to have things "just so"Hoarding or saving A need to tell, ask, confessPraying

Explanations for Anxiety Disorders Behavioral –You Learn them through conditioning, observational learning, and reinforcement Evolution –fear based on earlier dangers to keep us alive Genes –passed on Physiology (the brain) – brains of those with anxiety disorders actually function differently Cognitive – The way you look at the world or social situations (social phobias for example)

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. Memories of the event cause anxiety.