Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cells Part A
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Matter What is matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space What are the states of matter? SolidLiquidGasPlasma Brownian Motion
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Composition of Matter I. Elements Cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means Each has unique properties: Physical properties Are detectable with our senses, or are measurable Chemical properties How atoms interact (bond) with one another
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Composition of Matter Atoms Unique building blocks for each element Atomic symbol: one- or two-letter chemical shorthand for each element
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Major Elements of the Human Body Oxygen (O) Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) About 96% of body mass
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemical Bonds I. Compounds Chemical combined elements, can be broken down by chemical means Has unique properties based on the arrangement of electrons and bonds between each element. (rem. Ionic, covalent, metallic)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Matter Physical Changes in Matter- Chemical Changes in Matter-
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mixtures II. Mixtures: Most matter exists as mixtures Two or more components physically intermixed Three types of mixtures Solutions Colloids Suspensions
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Solutions Homogeneous mixtures Usually transparent, e.g., atmospheric air or seawater Solvent Present in greatest amount, usually a liquid Solute(s) Present in smaller amounts
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Concentration of Solutions Expressed as Percent, or parts per 100 parts Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) Molarity, or moles per liter (M) 1 mole = the atomic weight of an element or molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) of a compound in grams 1 mole of any substance contains 6.02 molecules (Avogadro’s number)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Colloids and Suspensions Colloids (emulsions) Heterogeneous translucent mixtures, e.g., cytosol Large solute particles that do not settle out Undergo sol-gel transformations Suspensions: Heterogeneous mixtures, e.g., blood Large visible solutes tend to settle out
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.4 Solution Solute particles Solute particles Solute particles Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light. Colloid Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light; do not settle out. Suspension Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light. Example Mineral water Example Gelatin Example Blood
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mixtures vs. Compounds Mixtures No chemical bonding between components Can be separated physically, such as by straining or filtering Heterogeneous or homogeneous Compounds Can be separated only by breaking bonds All are homogeneous
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