General overview of plant components

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Presentation transcript:

General overview of plant components Raw Wastewater Influent PRELIMINARY Preliminary Residuals (i.e., grit, rags, etc.) PRIMARY A Clarifier SECONDARY Biological Treatment System Usually to Landfill (e.g., attached-grwoth Suspended-Growth, Constructed Wetland, etc.) B Primary Sludge Wastewater Treatment Residuals Clarifier Clarifier DISINFECTION C Secondary Sludge Biosolids Processing and Disposal Clean Wastewater Effluent Discharge to Receiving Waters

Biological wastewater (WW) treatment To remove the suspended solids & the dissolved organic load from the WW by using microbial populations. The microorganisms are responsible for degradation of the organic matter they can be classified into aerobic (require oxygen for their metabolism) anaerobic (grow in absence of oxygen) facultative (can proliferate either in absence or presence of oxygen).

Biological wastewater (WW) treatment If the micro-organisms are suspended in the WW during biological operation suspended growth processes Recycling of settled biomass is required. While the micro-organisms that are attached to a surface over which they grow attached growth processes The biomass attached to media (ex. rock, plastic, wood) Recycling of settled biomass is not required.

Attached Growth Process What can this process do? 1. Remove Nutrient 2. Remove dissolved organic solids Remove suspended organic solids Remove suspended solids

Cross-section of an attached growth biomass film Oxygen (the natural or forced draft) Wastewater Organic/ nutrient filter media Biomass : viscous, jelly-like substance containing bacteria

Attached Growth Process Trickling filter (TF) Rotating biological contactor (RBC)

Trickling Filter (TF)- side view TF consists of: A rotating arm that sprays wastewater over a filter medium. Filter medium: rocks, plastic, or other material. The water is collected at the bottom of the filter for further treatment. rotating distributor arms Packing media Underdrain Wastewater

Trickling Filter Process

Design consideration Influent wastewater characteristics Degree of treatment anticipated (BOD & TSS removal). Temperature range of applied wastewater Pretreatment processes Type of filter media Recirculation rate Hydraulic and organic loadings applied to the filter Underdrainage and ventilation systems

Trickling Filter (TF)- side view TF consists of: A rotating arm that sprays wastewater over a filter medium. Filter medium: rocks, plastic, or other material. The water is collected at the bottom of the filter for further treatment. rotating distributor arms Packing media Underdrain Wastewater

Design consideration - Pretreatment Trickling filters shall be preceded by primary clarifiers equipped with scum and grease collecting devices, or other suitable pretreatment facilities. If fine screening is provided the screen size shall have from 0.03 to 0.06 inch openings. Bar screens are not suitable as the sole means of primary treatment.

Design consideration Influent wastewater characteristics Degree of treatment anticipated (BOD & TSS removal). Temperature range of applied wastewater Pretreatment processes Type of filter media Recirculation rate Hydraulic and organic loadings applied to the filter Underdrainage and ventilation systems

Filter media Crushed rock Plastic media Durable & insoluble Locally available But, reduce the void spaces for passage of air Less surface area per volume for biological growth Plastic media Random packing media Modular packing media

Filter media Cross-flow Tubular Pall rings Schematic diagrams of modular and random packed media used in fixed-film treatment systems (Source: Bordacs and Young, 1998)

Design consideration - Filter media The ideal filter packing is material that has a high surface area per unit of volume is low in cost has a high durability has a high enough porosity so that clogging is minimized provides good air circulation

Design consideration Influent wastewater characteristics Degree of treatment anticipated (BOD & TSS removal). Temperature range of applied wastewater Pretreatment processes Type of filter media Recirculation rate Hydraulic and organic loadings applied to the filter Underdrainage and ventilation systems

Flow Diagram for Trickling Filters Recirculation= A portion of the TF effluent recycled through the filter Recirculation ratio (R) = returned flow (Qr)/ influent flow (Q) Qr Q

Trickling Filter Process

Design consideration - Recirculation Why is recirculation required? maintain constant wetting rate dilute toxic wastes increase air flow recirculation flow dilutes the strength of raw wastewater & allows untreated wastewater to be passes through the filter more than once. A common range for recirculation ratio 0.5~3.0

Single stage a. PC SC TF PC SC b. TF PC SC c. TF

Two stage PC SC TF TF PC SC SC TF TF PC SC SC TF TF

Design consideration Influent wastewater characteristics Degree of treatment anticipated (BOD & TSS removal). Temperature range of applied wastewater Pretreatment processes Type of filter media Recirculation rate Hydraulic and organic loadings applied to the filter Underdrainage and ventilation systems

Underdrain System Two purposes: (a)  to carry the filtered wastewater and the biomass lump (sloughed solids) from the filter to the final clarification process (b)  to provide for ventilation of the filter to maintain aerobic conditions.  The underdrain system is generally designed to flow one-third to one-half full to permit ventilation of the system.

Ventilation systems In TF system, Air is supplied by natural draft or forced draft fan. The forced draft fans have been applied in order to provide the adequate oxygen.

Stone media filter

Stone media TF design Organic (BOD) loading rate: Expressed as kg/m3/d Typically, 0.320-0.640 kg/m3/d for single-stage filters Typically, 0.640-0.960 kg/m3/d for two-stage filters Ex) Influent BOD =200mg/L, influent flow = 1.8 ML/d, diameter of the filter is 16 m & the depth of the filter is 2m. Calculate the organic loading rate.

Stone media TF design Hydraulic loading rate: m3 wastewater/m2 filter*d the rate of total influent flow is applied to the surface of the filter media Total influent flow = the raw WW + recirculated flow Typically, 9.4 m3/m2/d Maximum, 28 m3/m2/d Ex) Influent flow = 8.5ML/d, the recirculation ratio is 2:1. Diameter of the filter is 16 m & the depth of the filter is 2m. Calculate the hydraulic loading rate.

Stone media TF design NRC (national research council) formula where: E1 = BOD removal efficiency for first-stage filter at 20oC, % w1 = BOD load applied, kg/day V = volume of filter media, m3 F = recirculation factor First stage or single stage

Stone media TF design NRC formula Where: E2 = BOD removal efficiency for second-stage filter at 20oC, % E1 = fraction of BOD removal in the first-stage filter w2 = BOD load applied, kg/day V = volume of filter media, m3 F = recirculation factor Second stage

Stone media TF design NRC formula where: F = recirculation factor R = recycle ratio

Stone media TF design The effect of temperature on the BOD removal efficiency where: ET = BOD removal efficiency at ToC, % E20 = BOD removal efficiency at 20oC, %

Stone media TF design Example 1 Calculate the BOD loading, hydraulic loading, BOD removal efficiency, and effluent BOD concentration of a single-stage trickling filter based on the following data: Design assumptions: Influent flow =1530 m3/d Recirculation ratio = 0.5 Primary effluent BOD = 130 mg/L Diameter of filter = 18 m Depth of media = 2.1 m Water temperature =18oC

Stone media TF design Example 2 A municipal wastewater having a BOD of 200 mg/L is to be treated by a two-stage trickling filter. The desired effluent quality is 25 mg/L of BOD. If both of the filter depths are to be 1.83 m and the recirculation ratio is 2:1, find the required filter diameters. Assume the following design assumptions apply. Design assumptions: Influent flow =7570 m3/d Recirculation ratio = 2 Depth of media = 1.83 m Water temperature =20oC BOD removal in primary sedimentation = 35% E1=E2

Stone media TF design Example 2 BOD=200mg/L BOD=25mg/L Primary Clarifier Secondary Clarifier TF1 TF2 As I mentioned in the last class, if TF process has two filters, the process is called two stage process.

Plastic media

Plastic media Schulze formula The liquid contact time (t) of applied wastewater Where: t = liquid contact time, min D= depth of media (m) q = hydraulic loading, (m3/m2/h) C, n = constants related to specific surface & configuration of media

Plastic media hydraulic loading (q) Where: Q= influent flow rate L/min A=filter cross section area m2

Plastic media TF design Schulze formula Where: Se= BOD concentration of settled filter effluent, mg/L So= influent BOD concentration to the filter, mg/L k=wastewater treatability and packing coefficient, (L/s)0.5/m2 D=packing depth, m q= hydraulic application rate of primary effluent, excluding recirculation, L/m2*s n=constant characteristic of packing used (assumed to be 0.5).

Plastic media TF design Example 3 Given the following design flow rates and primary effluent wastewater characteristics, determine the following design parameters for a trickling filter design assuming 2 reactors at 6.1 m depth, cross-flow plastic packing with a specific surface area of 90 m2/m3, a packing coefficient n value of 0.5, & a 2-arm distributor system. The required minimum wetting rate=0.5L/m2*s. Assume a secondary clarifier depth of 4.2m and k value is 0.187. Design conditions Item unit Primary effluent Target effluent Flow m3/d 15,140 BOD mg/L 125 20 TSS 65 Temp oC 14

Plastic media TF design Example 3 Using the information presented in the previous slide, determine: Diameter of TF Volume of packing required. Recirculation rate required