SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrates
What are Carbohydrates? Generic Formula of Simple Carbs (CH2O)n Sugars formed from CO2 and H2O Roles Energy in diet Mediating intercellular communication Structural support (e.g. cell walls)
Polysaccharides (Glycans, Glycosides) Classification Monosaccharides Aldoses Ketoses Polysaccharides (Glycans, Glycosides) Glycoproteins: sugars bound to proteins N-linked Oligosaccharides O-Linked Oligosaccharides
Aldoses & Ketoses Sugars made from aldehydes form aldoses Sugars made from ketones form ketoses
Important Aldoses To Study 6-C sugars DESCRIBE SIMILARLITIES VS. DISTINCTIONS IN STRUCTURE 5-C sugar All begin with CHO group
Important Aldoses To Study 6-C sugars DESCRIBE SIMILARLITIES VS. DISTINCTIONS IN STRUCTURE 5-C sugar All end with group
Important Aldoses To Study 6-C sugars DESCRIBE SIMILARLITIES VS. DISTINCTIONS IN STRUCTURE 5-C sugar Most names end with -ose suffix
Important Ketoses To Study 3-C sugar 5-C sugar 6-C sugar Most names all end with -ulose suffix
Important Ketoses To Study 3-C sugar 5-C sugar 6-C sugar Ketoses begin with group
Important Ketoses To Study 3-C sugar 5-C sugar 6-C sugar Most ketoses end with group
Important Ketoses To Study 3-C sugar 5-C sugar 6-C sugar Several ketoses end with -ulose suffix
Structures of Monosaccharides Isomers and Epimers Enantiomers Anomeric Carbons Ways to Draw Monosaccharides Fischer Projection Haworth Projection Chair form Preferred
Isomers Isomers are different compounds that have the same chemical formula C6H12O6
Epimers Epimers are sugars that differ only by the configuration around one carbon atom. Only difference
Enantiomers See Section 4-2 for help Know this structure Most sugars are found in the D-stereoisomer. D-Glyceraldehyde is the most simple aldose.
Cyclization of Monosaccharides Anomeric Carbons
Cyclization of Monosaccharides Anomeric Carbons Conformations Position of -OH Group on Anomeric C Down Up
Ways to Draw Monosaccharides Fischer Projection - linear Haworth Projection - cyclic Chair - cyclic
Cyclization of Monosaccharides Down Up
Cyclization of Monosaccharides Down Up
Disaccharides: 2 sugars Polysaccharides Disaccharides: 2 sugars Lactose: Glucose + Galactose Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose Maltose: Glucose + Glucose Oligosaccharides: 3-12 sugars Polysaccharides: 13+ sugars Glycogen: homopolysaccharide of glucose Glycosaminoglycans: heteropolysaccharides
Polysaccharides Monosaccharides can be linked to form oligosaccharides, and ultimately polysaccharides via glycosidic bonds. SUCROSE Glycosidic Bond
Polysaccharides Monosaccharides can be linked to form oligosaccharides, and ultimately polysaccharides via glycosidic bonds. LACTOSE Glycosidic Bond
Glycosidic Bonds in RNA
Starch in Plants
Starch in Plants
Glycoproteins: N-Linked
Glycoproteins: O-Linked
PRS When comparing two enzymes, the optimal catalytic activity can be determined by_______. The smallest Km The largest KM The smallest Vmax The smallest kcat/KM
PRS Which class of enzyme catalyzes group elimination to form double bonds? Transferases Isomerases Lyases Ligases
Which of the following proteins is involved in muscle contraction? PRS Which of the following proteins is involved in muscle contraction? Trypsin Troponin Chymotrypsin Hemoglobin
Which of the following is a ketose? Glucose Fructose Ribose Galactose PRS Which of the following is a ketose? Glucose Fructose Ribose Galactose