Regents Biology Carbohydrates
Regents Biology Carbohydrates: OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Energy molecules
Regents Biology Carbohydrates Building block molecules = sugar sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugars
Regents Biology sucrose Carbohydrates Function: quick energy energy storage structure cell wall in plants Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch
Regents Biology Sugars = building blocks Names for sugars usually end in glucose fructose sucrose maltose OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 sucrose fructose maltose -ose
Regents Biology Naming Sugars The term saccharide comes from saccharum, meaning sugar Simple sugars Single chain of carbon atoms C have –OH groups attached Distinguishing sugars carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) Number of carbons in the chain
Regents Biology Isomers OH Molecules with the same chemical formula but with a different arrangement of atoms C 6 H 12 O 6 GlucoseFructose Different shapes = different properties
Regents Biology Building carbohydrates Monosaccharides = 1 sugar Disaccharides = 2 suagrs 2-10 sugars can also be called oligosaccharides Glycosidic linkage covalent bond holding 2 sugars together Condensation rxn = Produce water
Regents Biology Building carbohydrates Synthesis | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two Glycosidic linkage
Regents Biology Building carbohydrates Synthesis | fructose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) 2 sugars = disaccharide How sweet it is! Glycosidic linkage
Regents Biology BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides large carbohydrates Energy source or structure starch energy storage in plants potatoes glycogen energy storage in animals in liver & muscles cellulose structure in plants cell walls chitin structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton poly = many
Regents Biology Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = starch (plant) energy storage polysaccharide Straight chain Branched chain We have enzymes that hydrolyze amylose and amylopectin into glucose molecules, therefore we have the ability to digest them
Regents Biology Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = glycogen (animal) energy storage polysaccharide Branching chain -Several branching sections -energy storage for ie. Physical exercise
Regents Biology Cellulose Cell walls in plants Chains are neither coiled or branched They can H-bond between chains Form tight bundles
Regents Biology Cellulose Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well most carnivores cannot digest cellulose (we don’t have the enzymes to digest it) that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material moving in your intestines
Regents Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme
Regents Biology Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
Regents Biology Helpful bacteria How can cows digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals