Chapter: Cell Processes Table of Contents Section 3: Energy for LifeEnergy for Life Section 1: Chemistry of Life Section 2: Moving Cellular MaterialsMoving Cellular Materials

Matter - anything that has mass and takes up space. Energy - anything that brings about change. The Nature of Matter Chemistry of Life 1 1

Nucleus - center of atom contains protons and neutrons (equal mass) Atoms Chemistry in Life 1 1 Click image to view movie. Proton (+) Neutron ( ) Electron (-) orbits nucleus

Electrons - involved in chemical reactions. Atom - mostly empty space Atoms Chemistry in Life 1 1

Element made of one kind of atom in most simple form each has a 1 or 2 letter symbol Elements Chemistry in Life 1 1

Periodic table Mass # of Protons Symbol Elements Chemistry in Life 1 1

Elements Chemistry in Life 1 1

Compounds - made of two or more elements Compounds and Molecules Chemistry in Life 1 1 There are two types of compounds— molecular compounds and ionic compounds.

Molecular compound Made of molecules held together by chemical bonds Share outermost electrons Have different properties than atoms alone Molecular Compounds Chemistry in Life 1 1

Molecular Compounds Chemistry in Life 1 1 Chemical reactions chemical bonds break atoms rearranged new molecules form

Ions Electrically charged atoms Formed when atoms combine after becoming (+) or (-) Ions Chemistry in Life 1 1

Ionic Compound – molecule held together because of opposite charges attracting one another One atom loses electron(s) Another atom gains electron(s) Their charge holds them together Ionic Compounds Chemistry in Life 1 1

Mixture - combination of substances in which individual substances retain their own properties Can be solids, liquids, gases, or any combination Mixtures Chemistry in Life 1 1

Solution - 2 or more substances mixed evenly Mixtures Chemistry in Life 1 1 Suspension substance evenly spread throughout Will sink to bottom after time

Organic Compounds Chemistry in Life 1 1 Organic Compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen usually are associated with living things. Inorganic Compounds make up nonliving things

Organic Compounds Chemistry in Life 1 1

Carbohydrates organic molecules that supply energy for cell processes Sugars and starches Also part of cell structures Carbohydrates Chemistry in Life 1 1

Lipids do not mix with water Fats and oils Large amounts of energy Part of cell membrane Lipids Chemistry in Life 1 1

Enzymes Proteins that regulate chemical reactions Proteins made of amino acids building blocks of cellular structure Proteins Chemistry in Life 1 1

RNA ribonucleic acid needed to make enzymes and proteins. Nucleic Acids Chemistry in Life 1 1 DNA deoxyribonucleic acid contains genetic material

Can contain the elements nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Inorganic Compounds Chemistry in Life 1 1

Importance of Water Chemistry in Life 1 1 can live for weeks without food only a few days without water.

all the chemical reactions in living things take place in water solutions most organisms use water to transport materials Importance of Water Chemistry in Life 1 1

Characteristics of Water Chemistry in Life 1 1 Negative part of a water molecule is attracted to the positive part of another water molecule

temperature of water changes slowly acts like insulation Characteristics of Water Chemistry in Life 1 1

water freezes - ice crystals form Ice floats – insulates water below Characteristics of Water Chemistry in Life 1 1

Question 1 Answer _______ is anything that has mass and takes up space. The answer is Matter. Everything in your environment is made of matter. Section Check 1 1

Question 2 Answer A(n) _______ is made up of only one kind of atom. The answer is element. An element can’t be broken down into a simpler form by chemical reactions. Section Check 1 1

1 1 Question 3 Which best describes the structure in this illustration? A. atom B. element C. molecular compound D. ionic compound

1 1 Section Check Answer The answer is C. Molecular compounds form when different atoms share their outermost electrons.

Passive Transport Moving Cellular Materials 2 2 Cell’s membrane - selectively permeable allows some things to enter or leave and keeps other things in or out

Passive Transport Moving Cellular Materials 2 2 Passive transport - movement of substances through the cell membrane without the use of energy 3 Types Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion Moving Cellular Materials 2 2 Diffusion - movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Equilibrium – when molecules become concentrated equally in all areas

Osmosis—The Diffusion of Water Osmosis - the diffusion of water through a cell membrane is called. Moving Cellular Materials 2 2

Facilitated Diffusion The movement of large molecules through a membrane with the help of transport proteins Moving Cellular Materials 2 2

Active Transport Moving Cellular Materials 2 2 Active transport - energy is needed to move materials through a cell membrane against the concentration gradient

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Endocytosis - process of taking substances into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane Moving Cellular Materials 2 2

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Exocytosis - process of taking substances OUT of a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane Moving Cellular Materials 2 2

Question 1 What is diffusion? Section Check 2 2 Diffusion is the type of passive transport in which molecules in a more dense area randomly move to an area that is less dense until equilibrium is reached. Answer

Question 2 Answer _______ is the diffusion of water through a cell membrane. The answer is osmosis. Cells contain water and are surrounded by water. These water molecules move by diffusion into and out of cells. Section Check 2 2

2 2 Question 3 Which carries oxygen throughout your body? A. red blood cells B. white blood cells C. sex cells D. none of the above

2 2 Section Check Answer The answer is A. Oxygen molecules from the lungs diffuse into red blood cells which carry oxygen throughout your body.

Trapping and Using Energy Metabolism - The total of all chemical reactions in an organism is called. Energy for Life 3 3

Trapping and Using Energy Enzymes Cause chemical reactions Can be used over and over Energy for Life 3 3 Click image to view movie.

Photosynthesis Producers - Organisms that make their own Energy for Life 3 3 Consumers - Organisms that cannot make their own food

Photosynthesis Energy for Life 3 3 Photosynthesis uses light energy to make sugars (chemical energy), which can be used as food. Chlorophyll – green pigment found in chloroplasts that performs photosynthesis

Energy for Life 3 3

Storing Carbohydrates Excess sugar made is stored as starches or other carbohydrates Energy for Life 3 3

Respiration Cellular respiration – changes chemical energy into useable energy Movement, heat, etc. Requires oxygen Energy for Life 3 3

Breaking Down Carbohydrates Carbohydrates  Glucose  Useable energy Cellular Respiration: Energy for Life 3 3

3 3

Fermentation Fermentation – releases smaller amount of energy when oxygen is not present Energy for Life 3 3 Occurs only in cytoplasm (not mitochondria)

Question 1 Answer _______ is the total of all chemical reactions in an organism. The answer is metabolism. All of the activities of an organism involve chemical reactions in some way. Section Check 3 3

3 3 Question 2 Which does this equation represent? A. respiration B. fermentation C. photosynthesis D. chemosynthesis

3 3 Section Check Answer The answer is C. During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide and water and combine it with light energy to make sugars, which they use for food.

Question 3 Answer _______ is the type of food molecules most easily broken down by cells. The answer is carbohydrates. As carbohydrates are broken down, energy is released. Section Check 3 3

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