BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemical processes are chemical reactions that occur in ALL living things

Objectives: Classify the variety of organic compounds. Compare the chemical structures macromolecules and relate their importance to living things.

Lesson 1 Organic vs. Inorganic

Do Now  What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?

Elements of Life  96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)

Molecules of Life  Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms  What are bodies made of? carbohydrates  sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids  DNA, RNA

The Role of Carbon in Organisms  Organic compounds contain carbon & hydrogen  Inorganic compounds do not contain both carbon & hydrogen

 Which of the following molecules is considered organic?

Acids and Bases  Use the pH scale to determine acidity

In class assignment  Acid - Base lab

Homework  Complete acid – base lab

Lesson 2 Monomers and Polymers

Do Now  How does a cookie “stick together”?  Why doesn’t it fall apart?

Building large molecules of life  Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers  Big molecules built from little molecules polymers

Building large organic molecules  Small molecules = building blocks  Bond them together = polymers

Making and Breaking of POLYMERS  Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (building up) Short polymer Unlinked monomer Removal of water molecule Longer polymer

Making and Breaking of POLYMERS  Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis ( hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split) Addition of water molecule

In class assignment  Make 2 monomers of glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 out of play dough (3 colors)  Create a polymer by simulating dehydration synthesis  Create 5 monomers by simulating hydrolysis

Lesson 3 Macromolecules – Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

Do Now  Fill in the food pyramid  Why don’t we need the same amounts of each food group everyday?

1. CARBOHYDRATES  composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom: (1:2:1)

The structure of carbohydrates  The monomer (building block) of a carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide*  (ie. glucose, fructose)  are the fuels for cellular work  Function as energy storage  *(Mono ~ one  sacchar ~ sugar)

 Monosaccharides can join to form disaccharides*, such as sucrose (table sugar)  *di ~ two; sacchar ~ sugar o polymers of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis

In class assignment  Carbohydrate Demo Chew a matzo cracker for 60 seconds Record:  Taste as you start to chew  Taste as you finish chewing Taste pure glucose What is the relationship between the taste of the matzo cracker and the taste of glucose

2. Lipids  composed largely of carbon and hydrogen They are not true polymers They are grouped together because they do not mix with water  (ie. fats, oils, waxes)

Lipids include fats,  Fats are lipids whose main function is long term energy storage  Other functions: Insulation in higher vertebrates “shock absorber” for internal organs Fatty acid

Saturated & Unsaturated fats  fatty acids of unsaturated fats (plant oils) contain double bonds These prevent them from solidifying at room temperature  Saturated fats (lard) lack double bonds They are solid at room temperature

In class assignment  Lipid demo Blend a high fat food for 60 seconds. What floats to the surface after mixing? What can you conclude from this observation?

In class assignment  Dna video Dna  What do you know about DNA?

3. Nucleic acids  complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.  1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the instructions used to form all of an organism’s proteins.  2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) forms a copy of DNA for use in making proteins.  They ultimately control the life of a cell

 The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous base (A)

Homework  Carbohydrate/Lipid Worksheet

Lesson 4 Macromolecules - Proteins

Do Now  PROTEINS video PROTEINS

4. PROTEINS  Essential to the structures and activities of life  Make up 50% of dry weight of cells  Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen PLUS nitrogen and sometimes sulfur  Proteins are involved in cellular structure Movement (muscles) Defense (antibodies) Transport (blood) Communication  Monomers are called amino acids

The structure of proteins  20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins. Their diversity is based on different arrangements of amino acids R = variable group- which distinguishes each of the 20 different amino acids

A protein’s specific shape determines its function  A protein consists of polypeptide chains folded into a unique shape The shape determines the protein’s function A protein loses its specific function when its polypeptides unravel

Macromolecules

Enzymes  Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.  (SEE SEPARATE LECTURE.)

In class assignment  Protein demo: Add a few drops of nitric acid to a hardboiled egg white What happened?  Prepare jello demo

Homework  Protein Worksheet