Macromolecules

I. Carbon Compounds A. Why is Carbon so great? 1. Has 4 free electrons in outer energy level 2. Readily bonds with other carbon atoms 3. The above allows it to form long complex chains

I.Carbon Compounds (cont.) B. Functional Groups 1. a structural building block that determines the characteristics of the compound. 2. ex: Hydroxyl Group (OH-) determines molecule as an alcohol

I.Macromolecules (cont.) C. Large Carbon Molecules 1. Monomer: simple molecule 2. Polymer: Made from two or more monomers that are bonded together 3. Macromolecule: Large polymers

D. Chemical Reactions: 1. Condensation Reaction (aka: dehydration synthesis): a chemical reaction that takes place when monomers link to form a polymer

2. Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction that occurs when polymers break apart

II. Molecules of Life A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharide: a. Simple Sugar b. Monomer of Carbohydrates c. Formula (CH 2 O) n n= any number from 3-8

Monosaccharides (cont) d. Ex: 1) Glucose: main source of energy for cells d. Ex: 1) Glucose: main source of energy for cells 2) Fructose: found in fruits, sweetest 2) Fructose: found in fruits, sweetest 3) Galactose: found in milk 3) Galactose: found in milk ** All three = C 6 H 12 O 6, same formula but different structures ** Isomers: same formula but different forms

Anything that looks like an angular ring is a monosaccharide

Molecules of Life (cont) A. Carbohydrates (cont.) 2. Disaccharide a. Double Sugar composed of 2 monosaccharides b. Ex: Sucrose – Table sugar composed of fructose and glucose

Disaccharide

Molecules of Life (cont) A. Carbohydrates (cont) 3. Polysaccharides a. 3 or more monosaccharides b. Ex: i.Glycogen is a polysaccharide that animals use as a form of quick energy, it is stored in liver and muscles. It’s composed of hundreds of glucose molecules ii. Cellulose: made by plants for strength and rigidity in cells

Polysaccharide (Glycogen)

B. Lipids 1. Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (CHO) 2. Nonpolar: do not dissolve in water 3. Store energy efficiently, part of all cell membranes

Lipids (cont.) 4. All lipids are made up of two parts a. Glycerol backbone b. Fatty Acid Chains: different fatty acids make different fats

Lipids (cont.) c. Ex. Triglycerides: shortening, animal fats, plant seeds and fruit seeds i. Contain a glycerol backbone and three (tri) fatty acids

Triglycerides Triglyceride formation

Lipids (cont.) 5.Saturated Fatty Acids: a. Solid at room temperature b. Come from animals c. Full (saturated) of hydrogens on single bonded carbons

Lipids (cont.) 6. Unsaturated fatty acids a. Are not full of hydrogen because of double bonded carbons b. Come from plants c. Liquid at room temperature d. Monounsaturated = 1 double bond between carbons; Polyunsaturated = more than 1 double bond between carbons

Molecules of Life C. Proteins: 1. Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON) 2. Found in Skin and Muscles 3. Proteins are catalysts (Get a reaction going faster)

Proteins (cont) 4. Amino Acids: building blocks of proteins, 20 different types

Proteins (cont) 5. Dipeptides and Polypeptides a. Peptide bonds: covalent bond between amino acids i. Dipeptide: 2 amino acids bonded together ii. Polypeptide: many amino acids bonded together in a chain Polypeptide formation Polypeptide formation

Dipeptides and Polypeptides (cont) b. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptides c. Long chains can change and take shape d. Shape can change due to temperature or other conditions

Example of Amino Acid Chain (Protein)

Proteins (cont) 6. Enzymes: a protein that is a catalyst a. Enzymes are named after what they break down i. Protease: Breaks down proteins ii. Lipase: Breaks down lipids b. Lock and Key: shape must fit the substrate to work

Lock and Key Example

Enzymes (cont) b. Shape change  no function or incorrect function i. Caused by a change in the environment heat, acidity, humidity, cold

Molecules of Life (cont) D. Nucleic Acids: Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous (CHONP) 1. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid contains information that is needed for most cellular activity

Nucleic Acids (cont) 2. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid transfers information needed to make proteins

Nucleic Acids (cont) 3. Nucleotides a. Building blocks of DNA, RNA, and other nucleic acids

Structure of Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides consist of... a sugar ( either ribose or deoxyribose), a nitrogenous base There are five nitrogenous bases. Purines: Adenine and Guanine which are double-ring structures Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil are single-ring structures a phosphate which links together the sugars