POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN UNIT 1 2 Molecular Interactions

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings About this Chapter  Atoms, ions, and molecules  Types of chemical bonds  Biomolecules  Solutions, concentrations, and pH  Protein interactions

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atoms  Structure of an atom  Protons  Electrons  Neutrons  Nucleus  Electron orbitals or shells

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elements  Essential  Trace  Atomic number  Atomic mass

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Isotopes  Isotopes vary in mass  Neutrons  Radioisotopes  Unstable nuclei  Emit energy  radiation  Medical uses as tracers

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ions  Ions are charged atoms  Cations  Positively charged (+)  Anions  Negatively charged (-)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-1 Atoms, Elements, Ions, and Isotopes A map showing the relationship among atoms, elements, ions, and isotopes

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Four Primary Roles of Electrons  Covalent bonds  Ions  High-energy electrons  Free radicals

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecules and Compounds  Bonds capture energy  Bonds link atoms  Molecules versus compounds

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-2b Molecules and Compounds Shared electrons in the outer shells of atoms form covalent bonds

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-3 Types of Chemical Bonds  Covalent  Polar versus nonpolar  Ionic  Hydrogen  Van der Waals

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Covalent and Ionic Bonds  Covalent bonds  Share a pair of electrons  Ionic bonds  Transfer an electron  Opposite charges attract

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-4 (1 of 3) Covalent and Ionic Bonds Ions and ionic bonds

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-4 (2 of 3) Covalent and Ionic

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Covalent and Ionic Figure 2-4 (3 of 3)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ionic Bonds and Ions

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hydrogen and Van der Waals  Hydrogen bonds  Weak and partial  Water surface tension  Van der Waals forces  Weak and nonspecific

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-5a Hydrogen and Van der Waals Hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hydrogen and Van der Waals Figure 2-5b

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecular Shape and Function  Molecular bonds  Covalent  Weak  Chemical formula  Functional groups

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-6b Molecular Shape and Function Chemical structures and formulas of some biological molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional Groups  Direct reactivity of a molecule  Common examples in biosystems

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional Groups

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Biomolecules  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleotides and nucleic acids

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates  Most abundant  Carbon  Hydrogen  Oxygen  Simple  Monosaccharides (glucose, ribose)  Complex  Polysaccharides (glycogen, starch)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Figure 2-7 (1 of 3)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Figure 2-7 (2 of 3)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Figure 2-7 (3 of 3)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Carbon and hydrogen (little oxygen)  Structurally diverse  Eicosanoids  Steroids  Phospholipids  Triglycerides  Glycerol  Fatty acid chains  Saturated and unsaturated

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-8 (1 of 5) Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-8 (2 of 5) Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-8 (3 of 5) Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-8 (4 of 5) Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-8 (5 of 5) Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Amino acids  Essential  Amino group  Acid group  Protein structure  Polypeptides  Primary through quaternary  Most versatile

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-9 (1 of 6) Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-9 (2 of 6) Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-9 (3 of 6) Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-9 (4 of 6) Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-9 (5 of 6) Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-9 (6 of 6) Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-10 Proteins  Fibrous  Globular

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Combination Biomolecules  Lipoproteins  Blood transport molecules  Glycoproteins  Membrane structure  Glycolipids  Membrane receptors

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA  Composition  Base, sugar, and phosphate(s)  Transmit and store  Information (genetic code)  Energy transfer molecules  ATP, cAMP, NAD, and FAD

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-12a–b Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA Figure 2-12c–d

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Aqueous Solutions  Aqueous  Water-based  Solution  Solute dissolves in solvent  Solubility  Ease of dissolving  Hydrophobic  Hydrophilic

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-14 Aqueous Solubility Sodium chloride dissolves in water

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concentrations  Amount of solute in a solution  Mole  6.02  units of substance  Molarity  One mole in one liter  Equivalents  Molarity multiplied by charge

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concentrations  Weight /volume  Grams solute/ml solvent  Volume/volume  Percent solution

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)  Acid  Contributes H + to solution  Base  Decreases H + in solution  pH  - log [H + ]  Buffer minimizes changes of pH

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-15 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) pH scale

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein Interactions  Soluble and insoluble  Binding  Selectivity  Specificity  Affinity

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-16 Selective Binding: Induced-Fit Model The induced-fit model of protein-ligand binding

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-18 Factors that Affect Affinity  Isoforms  Activation  Cofactors  Lysis

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Modulators Alter Binding or Activity

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2-19 Competitive Inhibition

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Allosteric Modulation Figure 2-20a

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Allosteric Modulation Figure 2-20b

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical Regulators  Temperature  pH  Concentration of protein  Concentration of ligand

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary  Atoms in review  Four types of chemical bonds  Four kinds of biomolecules  Aqueous solutions and pH  Proteins in focus