The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chapter 5

Chapter 5 Page 1: Macromolecules n Macromolecules are large molecules n Polymers are large molecules consisting of many repeating subunits of monomers n Monomers : repeating subunits used to build substances

Hydrolysis n Hydrolysis = n To disassemble a polymer the water is added and the molecule separates.

Condensation Synthesis n Condensation Synthesis = subunits are joined together by condensation synthesis; a molecule of water is removed to join them

Chapter 5 Page 2 : Carbohydrates n Carbohydrates are sugars; many are polymers n Monosaccharides have the molecular formula C 1 H 2 O 1 or some multiple thereof Ex C 6 H 12 O 6 n Disaccharides consist of two monomers joined by a glycosidic linkage n Storage Polysaccharides ; Starch in plants, glycogen in animals- more structurally branched n Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose- major plant cell wall component

Chapter5 Page 3: Lipids n Lipids are more commonly known as fats n Lipids are non-polar molecules; they are not water soluble n They are hydrophobic n Lipids are important for energy storage n Fatty acids, Phospholipids, Steroids

Chapter 5 Page 5 : Proteins n Proteins account for more than 50% of cell dry wt n Protein Functions u Structural u Contractile u Storage u Defense u Transport u Signaling u Catalysts

Chapter 5 Page 6: Proteins n Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein n There are 20 amino acids, 9 are essential = must eat them we cannot synthesize n Polypeptides are many amino acids joined together n The function of a protein depends on its chemical structure and unique 3-D shape

Chapter 5 Page 8: Levels of Protein Structure n Primary Structure: Unique sequence of amino acids: sequence is determined by genetic material n Secondary Structure: coiling /folding as a result of hydrogen bonding n Tertiary Structure: 3-D shape due to bonding of R- groups n Quaternary Structure: association of 2 or more polypeptides; Ex HGB ; not all have this level

Chaperons/Chaperonins n What level of structure was being formed in the previous picture? n What predominantly holds this level together?

The “Blue Gene” Computer n IBM has a project n They hope to be able to take any amino acid sequence and produce a computer generation of the folded protein n Currently there are no computers powerful enough to do this

Chapter 5 Page : Denaturation n Denaturation means the protein structure is destroyed n Causes of denaturation include: u heat u pH u chemicals u Salt concentrations

Chapter 5 Page : Enzymes n Enzymes are proteins used to speed up chemical reactions = Catalysts n They are not consumed or converted in the reactions n In Ch 8 we will go into more detail

Chaapter5 Page : Nucleic Acids n Nucleic Acids carry information n Function is to store and transmit heritable information n DNA = carries all codes for life; double stranded n RNA = protein synthesis n Nucleotides/Nucleic Acids are composed of: u Nitrogenous Base:ATGC u Pentose = 5 Carbon sugar u Phosphate group u In DNA A pairs with T ; G with C

Nucleic Acids are the building blocks of protein A. True B. False

What macromolecule could be made from H, C, NH 2, COOH, R A. lipid B. nucleic acid C. carbohydrate D. Amino acid