Craik and Lockhart: Levels of processing Mandy, Samantha & Jessica.

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Presentation transcript:

Craik and Lockhart: Levels of processing Mandy, Samantha & Jessica

Levels of processing model  The theory that after information leaves sensory memory, its storage varies along a continuum of levels of processing ranging from shallow to deep processing; the level of processing used during encoding determines how long and how well information is stored.  Shallow processing: processing information using structural encoding

 Structural encoding: Encoding information according to its basic (structural) perceptual features.  Intermediate processing: processing information using phonemic encoding.  Phonemic encoding: encoding information according to the sound of the words used to identify the information.  Deep processing: processing information using semantic encoding.  Semantic encoding: encoding information according to its meaning.  Associates new memory with old memory

SHALLOW: Produces weak memory traces that fade rapidly. INTERMEDIATE: Produces memory traces stronger than those produced by structural encoding but not as strong as semantic encoding. DEEP: Produces long lasting memory traces.

Two major types of memory in Long-term memory (LTM)

Types of memory in Long-term memory (LTM)  Procedural Memory: Learnt actions and skills  Example – memories of how to do things such as walk, talk, juggle or ride a bike. This is known as Procedural Memory.  Although these memories are in our LTM, they often involve complicated sequences of movements that we are usually unaware of or that we are unable to articulate. Therefore we only fully express a procedural memory as an action.  Procedural memories appear to register in low brain areas that are beyond conscious control.  These memories are the LTM types that are most resistant to forgetting.

 Declarative Memory: Facts and Rules  The LTM stores factual information  Example: names, faces, words, dates and ideas  Expressed as words or symbols  Example: knowing that Melbourne is the capital of Victoria or that you received a blue bicycle for your 10 th birthday  Psychologists divided as Semantic memory and Episodic memory

 Semantic Memory: Meaning  A type of Declarative memory for impersonal factual knowledge about the world  Example: the names of objects, the days of the week, months of the year, simple mathematic skills, words and language and other general facts. (non-personal information)  Episodic Memory: Time and Place  A type of Declarative memory for personally significant events associated with specific times and places.  Example: birthday celebration and your first day at High School.  People convey these memories by stating “I remember when…” where as Semantic memories state “I know what…”

Semantic Network Theory  The Semantic Network Theory suggests that long- term memories are stored and organised in the concepts (nodes) based on shared meaning and connected by meaningful links.  New information that has a similar meaning to information already stored in LTM is stored close to that similar information already in LTM.  The links may be based on similarity of rules, images, categories, symbols, formal meaning or personal meaning.  Example: ‘Canary’ is probably closer to ‘bird’ in your semantic network than ‘animal’ is to ‘canary’.