SWITCH Training Kit: Pilot Training, Entebbe, July 2010 Water Demand Management in the City of the Future Water supply sustainability objectives and indicators

Sustainability Objectives  Urban water supply sustainability objectives need to (Milman & Short 2008): oaccount for the interconnections of environmental, economic, and social factors interdisciplinary oconsider both the local and global resource base; and obe attentive to the long term needs of future generations – this is also known as Resilience:  The ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organisation, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change (IPCC defn).

Robust adaptation measures can be identified and implemented now  Implement “no-regrets” or “low-regrets” actions that perform well over a wide range of conditions both immediately and into the future;  Address current water-related problems, reduce vulnerabilities to an uncertain future, build resilience  These are not narrow technical issues but need interdisciplinary analysis.

Interdisciplinary analysis  Integration of multi-disciplinary perspectives (WEDC SHTEFIE framework) oSocial (including gender), oHealth, oTechnical, oEconomic, oFinancial, oInstitutional and oEnvironmental aspects  Successful water sector development requires all these aspects to be satisfied

SWITCH Sustainability Objectives for Managing Water in the City of the Future - 1 General 1.To have citizens that are aware of 'water and sustainability' and where the public is involved in decision making 2.To manage its urban water system in an integrated way; integrating aspects of water supply, stormwater management, wastewater collection, wastewater treatment and wastewater reuse. 3.To use a set of sustainability indicators for decision making, strategy development and planning. 4.To have a strong scientific basis for decision making concerning the management of its Urban Water System. 5.To ensure equity in the access to water, as well as to irrigated green areas. 6.To minimise the energy consumption in the urban water system

SWITCH Sustainability Objectives for Managing Water in the City of the Future - 2 Water Supply and Sanitation 1.To supply water of good quality to its citizens and other stakeholders (industry, companies, agriculture) in sufficient qualities, at the lowest possible costs 2.To give priority to Water Demand Management over development of new water resources 3.To provide all its citizens with proper sanitation, at the lowest possible costs 4.To give priority to pollution prevention over end-of-pipe treatment 5.To reduce the net waste output from the city to the environment to below the carrying capacity of the receiving environment. Furthermore it will enhance the self-purification capacity of the receiving environment by ecohydrology

SWITCH Sustainability Objectives for Managing Water in the City of the Future - 3 Stormwater management and reuse 1.To reduce the risk of flooding in vulnerable areas to levels acceptable to all stakeholders, even under future climate change scenarios 2.To protect and enhance the water quality and ecological status of urban receiving waters, both surface and ground waters 3.To apply source control techniques to enable stormwater to contribute to the quality of life in the urban environment. 4.To harvest rainwater and stormwater for non-potable reuse purposes. 5.To utilise stormwater to re-establish a balanced natural water cycle (in conjunction with landscape development). Source: SWITCH 2008

Water Supply Indicators 1.Indicators are used to define and quantify targets and measure progress 2.E.g. Access to safe water supply  Proportion of population with access to an improved drinking water source in a dwelling or located within a convenient distance from the user’s dwelling (WHO/UNICEF)

Existing indicators of water supply sustainability - 1  Physical availability oAnnual withdrawal of ground and surface water as percentage of total available water  Water quality oPercentage of water sources that are protected oWater quality  Biological oxygen demand  Concentration of faecal coliform  Days per year contaminant levels exceed WHO drinking water standards (Milman & Short, 2008)

Existing indicators of water supply sustainability - 2  Service provision oPercent of the city with connections to the piped water system oPer capita water consumption (liters per person day) oPercent of supply points or taps that are functioning oWater supply reliability (portion of time supply points are functioning) oWater system losses oResponse time to install new connections oDistance from source or treatment facility  Finances oUnit cost of water and affordability of services to the users oFinancial indicators for the water provider  Cost recovery  Cash balance (Milman & Short, 2008)

Sustainability Indicators  Sustainability indicators need to measure the ability of a system to adapt to change and to continue to function over a long time span.  Sustainability indicators incorporating resilience for urban water supply under 6 categories: 1.supply (supply-demand balance), 2.finances, 3.infrastructure, 4.service provision, 5.water quality, and 6.governance Milman & Short (2008)

Sustainability of UWS in Entebbe  Are these categories appropriate for considering sustainability of urban water supply in Entebbe? 1.Supply (supply-demand balance), 2.finances, 3.infrastructure, 4.service provision, 5.water quality, and 6.governance.

Reference  Milman, A. and Short, A. (2008) Incorporating resilience into sustainability indicators: An example for the urban water sector; Global Environmental Change 18,