COMPETITION (Chapter 13). COMPETITION: INTRASPECIFIC versus INTERSPECIFIC.

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Presentation transcript:

COMPETITION (Chapter 13)

COMPETITION: INTRASPECIFIC versus INTERSPECIFIC

13 Leafhopper Demonstrating Intraspecific Competition in Animals

Fig in Molles 2008 Number of Leafhoppers (per cage) Number of Leafhoppers (per cage) Demonstrating Intraspecific Competition in Animals

10 Alfalfa Demonstrating IntraspecificCompetition in Plants

Fig in Molles /2 Thinning Rule (Sometimes) Demonstrating Intraspecific Competition in Plants

COMPETITION: INTERFERENCE vs. RESOURCE Interference Competition Resource Competition

Trenched (Treatment)Untrenched (Control) 7 8 Demonstrating Resource Competition

Trenched Untrenched Demonstrating Resource Competition (Results)

Demonstrating Interference Competition.36m 2 Plots, Stocked with Sliced Carrots and Potatos Density: 50 IsopodsDensity: 100 Isopods

Demonstrating Interference Competition Fig in Molles 2008

INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION Giant Kelp (Macrocystis) Bull Kelp (Nereocystis)

Galium saxatile Galium pumilum 6 7 Demonstrating Interspecific Competition in Plants

Tansley (1917) Demonstrating Interspecific Competition in Plants

Understanding Interspecific Competition in Context of Niche Giant Kelp (Macrocystis) Bull Kelp (Nereocystis)

Graphical Depiction of Giant Kelp Niche (Three Axes) Nutrients Light Carbon Dioxide

15 Giant Kelp Niche: Other Abiotic Factors? N – Dimensional Hypervolume: Hypothetical Space that Represents ALL N Physical Factors that Influence Growth, Survival and Reproduction

Range of physical conditions in which a given species can live in the absence of negative interactions with other species FUNDAMENTAL NICHE Nutrients Light Carbon Dioxide

16 15 Negative Interactions with Other Species

NICHE OVERLAP Fundamental Niches of Giant Kelp, Bull Kelp in One Dimension Giant Kelp Bull Kelp Light Intensity

Photosynthesis Rate ADJUSTMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL NICHE IN PRESENCE OF COMPETITOR Giant KelpBull Kelp Giant Kelp Bull Kelp Light Intensity

Range of physical conditions in which a given species can live in the presence of negative interactions with other species REALIZED NICHE Photosynthesis Rate Giant Kelp Bull Kelp Light Intensity

Fig in Molles 2008 Consequences of Interspecific Competition

Fundamental and Realized Niche of Chthalamus

Two Species with Same or Very Similar Niche: Is Coexistence Possible? Resource Utilization

Competitive Exclusion Principle: (G.F. Gause) Two Species with Identical Niches CAN NOT Coexist Indefinitely

Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition I (Begin with Logistic Rate Equations for N 1, N 2 ) Note: These equations incorporate effects of intraspecific competition

Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition II (Incorporate Interspecific Competition)

Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition III (Assume Equilibrium Conditions)

Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition IV (Determine Equations for Zero-Change Isoclines)

Fig in Molles 2008 Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition V (Species 1 Strong Competitor, Species 2 Weak Competitor)

Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition VI (Species 1 Weak Competitor, Species 2 Strong Competitor)

Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition VII (Both Species are Strong Competitors) N2N2

Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition VII (Both Species are Weak Competitors)

Competitive Exclusion Principle: (G.F. Gause) Two Species with Identical Niches CAN NOT Coexist Indefinitely (i.e., Two Strong Competitors for the Same Resource CAN NOT Co-Exist Indefinitely)

Paramecium aurelia 1 Paramecium caudatum 2 3 Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle

Fig in Molles 2008 Paramecium Species: Grown Separately (Gause 1934) Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle

Fig in Ricklefs and Miller 2000 Paramecium Species: Grown Together (Gause 1934) Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle

Tribolium confusum Tribolium castaneum 4 5 Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle

Fig in Molles 2008 Flour Beetle Species: Grown Separately (Park 1954) Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle

Fig in Molles 2008 Flour Beetle Species Grown Together (Gause 1934) Interspecific Competition in Animals: Consequences

Wide-Leaf Cattail (Typha latifolia) Narrow-Leaf Cattail (Typha angustifolia) CATTAIL COMPETITION

Wide-Leaf Cattail (Typha latifolia) Narrow-Leaf Cattail (Typha angustifolia) Cattail Species Grown Together

Wide-Leaf Cattail (Typha latifolia) Narrow-Leaf Cattail Removed

Narrow-Leaf Cattail (Typha angustifolia) Wide-Leaf Cattail Removed

Balanus 9 Chthamalus 10

Zonation in Barnacle Communities

Fig in Molles 2006 Balanus Removal: Middle Intertidal Zone Chthamalus Survivorship

9 Dipodomys (Kangaroo Rat) 10 Perognathus (Pocket Mouse) Large Granivores Small Granivores Insectivores Onychomys DESERT RODENTS

24 Study Plots: Chihuahuan Desert near Portal AZ

Fig in Molles 2006 Experiment: Removal of Large Granivores (Heske et al. 1994)

Geospiza fortis (Medium Ground-Finch) Darwin’s Finches Geospiza fuliginosa (Small Ground-Finch) 13 EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF COMPETITION

Fig in Molles 2006 Allopatric versus Sympatric Populations G. fortis G. fuliginosa G. fortis, G. fuliginosa

G. fortis G. fuliginosa G. fortis, G. fuliginosa CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT: BEAK DEPTH