Next Generation Library Interfaces: The intersection of new library interfaces, Web 2.0, and Web Services Marshall Breeding Director for Innovative Technologies and Research Vanderbilt University Sno-Isle Regional Library System Lynnwood Convention Center October 8, 2007

Abstract Marshall Breeding will give a look at some of the major trends at play in library automation that stand to spark major changes. He will talk about some of the features, technologies and architectures that underlie the next-generation library interfaces that have sprung onto the scene in the last couple of years. These new systems are flavored with Web 2.0 technologies and aim to provide a more satisfying experience for today's more Web-savvy library user. Marshall Breeding will give a look at some of the major trends at play in library automation that stand to spark major changes. He will talk about some of the features, technologies and architectures that underlie the next-generation library interfaces that have sprung onto the scene in the last couple of years. These new systems are flavored with Web 2.0 technologies and aim to provide a more satisfying experience for today's more Web-savvy library user.

The best Library OPAC?

Troubling statistic Where do you typically begin your search for information on a particular topic? College Students Response: 89%Search engines (Google 62%) 89%Search engines (Google 62%) 2%Library Web Site (total respondents -> 1%) 2%Library Web Site (total respondents -> 1%) 2%Online Database 2%Online Database 1% 1% 1% Online News 1% Online News 1% Online bookstores 1% Online bookstores 0% Instant Messaging / Online Chat 0% Instant Messaging / Online Chat OCLC. Perceptions of Libraries and Information Resources (2005) p

Toward compelling library interfaces Urgent need for libraries to offer interfaces their users will like to use Urgent need for libraries to offer interfaces their users will like to use Move out of the 1990’s Move out of the 1990’s Powerful search capabilities in tune with how the Web works today Powerful search capabilities in tune with how the Web works today User expectations set by other Web destination User expectations set by other Web destination

Common tools for access to local collections Library OPAC (ILS module) Library OPAC (ILS module) Links to aggregators, publishers Links to aggregators, publishers Cross linking via OpenURL Cross linking via OpenURL Journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver) Journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver) Metasearch engines Metasearch engines All loosely coupled All loosely coupled

Metasearch Distributed query model inherently problematic Distributed query model inherently problematic Not Immediate Not Immediate Relevancy ranking extremely difficult Relevancy ranking extremely difficult Lack of deep results Lack of deep results Interim solution Interim solution

Change underway Widespread dissatisfaction with most of the current OPACs. Many efforts toward next- generation catalogs and interfaces. Widespread dissatisfaction with most of the current OPACs. Many efforts toward next- generation catalogs and interfaces. Movement among libraries to break out of the current mold of library catalogs and offer new interfaces better suited to the expectations of library users. Movement among libraries to break out of the current mold of library catalogs and offer new interfaces better suited to the expectations of library users. Decoupling of the front-end interface from the back-end library automation system. Decoupling of the front-end interface from the back-end library automation system.

Working toward next generation library interfaces Redefinition of the library catalog Redefinition of the library catalog More comprehensive information discovery environments More comprehensive information discovery environments Better information delivery tools Better information delivery tools More powerful search capabilities More powerful search capabilities More elegant presentation More elegant presentation

Comprehensive Search Service More like OAI More like OAI –Open Archives Initiative –Consolidated search services based on metadata and data gathered in advance Problems of scale diminished Problems of scale diminished Problems of cooperation persist Problems of cooperation persist

Web 2.0 a good start A more social and collaborative approach A more social and collaborative approach Web Tools and technology that foster collaboration Web Tools and technology that foster collaboration Blogs, wiki, blogs, tagging, social bookmarking, user rating, user reviews Blogs, wiki, blogs, tagging, social bookmarking, user rating, user reviews

Web 2.0 supporting technologies Web services Web services XML APIs XML APIs AJAX (asynchronous JavaScript and XML) AJAX (asynchronous JavaScript and XML) Microformats Microformats OpenSearch vs SRU/SRW OpenSearch vs SRU/SRW

Redefinition of library catalogs Traditional notions of the library catalog are being questioned Traditional notions of the library catalog are being questioned It’s no longer enough to provide a catalog limited to print resources It’s no longer enough to provide a catalog limited to print resources Digital resources cannot be an afterthought Digital resources cannot be an afterthought Forcing users to use different interfaces depending on type of content becoming less tenable Forcing users to use different interfaces depending on type of content becoming less tenable Libraries working toward consolidated search environments that give equal footing to digital and print resources Libraries working toward consolidated search environments that give equal footing to digital and print resources

The holy grail A single point of entry into all the content and services offered by the library A single point of entry into all the content and services offered by the library Print + Electronic Print + Electronic Local + Remote Local + Remote Locally created Content Locally created Content

Interface expectations Millennial gen library users are well acclimated to the Web and like it. Millennial gen library users are well acclimated to the Web and like it. Used to relevancy ranking Used to relevancy ranking –The “good stuff” should be listed first –Users tend not to delve deep into a result list –Good relevancy requires a sophisticated approach, including objective matching criteria supplemented by popularity and relatedness factors.

Interface expectations (cont…) Very rapid response. Users have a low tolerance for slow systems Very rapid response. Users have a low tolerance for slow systems Rich visual information: book jacket images, rating scores, etc. Rich visual information: book jacket images, rating scores, etc. Let users drill down through the result set incrementally narrowing the field Let users drill down through the result set incrementally narrowing the field Faceted Browsing Faceted Browsing –Drill-down vs up-front Boolean or “Advanced Search” –gives the users clues about the number of hits in each sub topic. Navigational Bread crumbs Navigational Bread crumbs Ratings and rankings Ratings and rankings

Appropriate organizational structures LCSH vs FAST LCSH vs FAST Full MARC vs Dublin Core or MODS Full MARC vs Dublin Core or MODS Discipline-specific thesauri or ontologies Discipline-specific thesauri or ontologies “tags” “tags”

Current Next-Gen catalog products

Common characteristics Decoupled interface Mass export of catalog data Alternative search engine Alternative interface Decoupled interface Mass export of catalog data Alternative search engine Alternative interface

Endeca Guided Navigation North Carolina State University North Carolina State Universityhttp:// McMaster University McMaster Universityhttp://libcat.mcmaster.ca/ Phoenix Public Library Phoenix Public Libraryhttp:// Florida Center for Library Automation Florida Center for Library Automationhttp://catalog.fcla.edu/ux.jsp

AquaBrowser Library Queens Borough Public Library Queens Borough Public Library –

Ex Libris Primo Vanderbilt University Vanderbilt Universityhttp://alphasearch.library.vanderbilt.edu University of Minnesota University of Minnesota bweb/action/search.do?vid=TWINCITIES bweb/action/search.do?vid=TWINCITIES University of Iowa University of Iowa

Encore from Innovative Interfaces Nashville Public Library Nashville Public Library Scottsdale Public Library Scottsdale Public Library Yale University Lillian Goldman Law Library Yale University Lillian Goldman Law Library

VUFind – Villanova University Based on Apache Solr search toolkit

OCLC Worldcat Local OCLC Worldcat customized for local library catalog OCLC Worldcat customized for local library catalog –Relies on hooks into ILS for local services University of Washington Libraries University of Washington Libraries University of California Melvyl Catalog University of California Melvyl Catalog

Library-developed solutions eXtensible Catalog eXtensible Catalog University of Rochester – River Campus Libraries University of Rochester – River Campus Libraries Financial support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Financial support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation

Library Automation Trends

Business Landscape Library Journal Automated System Marketplace: Library Journal Automated System Marketplace: –An Industry redefined (April 1, 2007) An increasingly consolidated industry An increasingly consolidated industry VC and Private Equity playing a stronger role then ever before VC and Private Equity playing a stronger role then ever before Moving out of a previous phase of fragmentation where many companies expend energies producing decreasingly differentiated systems in a limited marketplace Moving out of a previous phase of fragmentation where many companies expend energies producing decreasingly differentiated systems in a limited marketplace Narrowing of product options Narrowing of product options Open Source opportunities rise to challenge stranglehold of traditional commercial model Open Source opportunities rise to challenge stranglehold of traditional commercial model

Other Business Factors Level of innovation falls below expectations Level of innovation falls below expectations Companies struggle to keep up with ILS enhancements and R&D for new innovations. Companies struggle to keep up with ILS enhancements and R&D for new innovations. Pressure within companies to reduce costs, increase revenue Pressure within companies to reduce costs, increase revenue Pressure from libraries for more innovative products Pressure from libraries for more innovative products

Technology Landscape Most ILS products from commercial vendors mature Most ILS products from commercial vendors mature –None less than a decade old –Approaching end of life cycle? Evolved systems Evolved systems No success in launching new systems No success in launching new systems –Horizon 8.0 –Taos

Current Vintage ALEPH ALEPH Voyager 1995 Voyager 1995 Carl1982 Carl1982 Unicorn1982 Unicorn1982 Polaris1997 Polaris1997 Virtua1995 Virtua1995 Koha1999 Koha1999 Library.Solution1997 Library.Solution1997 Evergreen2004 Evergreen2004

Library Automation M&A History

Why worry about who owns the Industry? Some of the most important decisions that affect the options available to libraries are made in the corporate board room. Some of the most important decisions that affect the options available to libraries are made in the corporate board room. Increased control by financial interests of private equity and venture capital firms Increased control by financial interests of private equity and venture capital firms Recent industry events driven by external corporate decisions; Recent industry events driven by external corporate decisions; Market success and technological advantages don’t necessarily drive business decisions Market success and technological advantages don’t necessarily drive business decisions

Business Cycle Founder start-up Founder start-up Venture capital support -> board level representation Venture capital support -> board level representation Private equity ownership -> strategic control Private equity ownership -> strategic control IPO == mature company IPO == mature company

Investor owned companies SirsiDynix -> Vista Equity Partners (Recently bought out Seaport Capital + Hicks Muse/HM Capital) SirsiDynix -> Vista Equity Partners (Recently bought out Seaport Capital + Hicks Muse/HM Capital) Ex Libris -> Francisco Partners (recently bought out VC’s) Ex Libris -> Francisco Partners (recently bought out VC’s) Endeavor -> Francisco Partners (recently bought out Elsevier) Endeavor -> Francisco Partners (recently bought out Elsevier) Infor (was Extensity, was Geac) -> Golden Gate Infor (was Extensity, was Geac) -> Golden Gate Polaris -> Croydon Company Polaris -> Croydon Company –formerly part of Gaylord Bros (acquired by Demco)

Founder / Family owned companies Innovative Interfaces Innovative Interfaces –100% ownership by Jerry Kline following 2001 buy-out of partner Steve Silberstien The Library Corporation The Library Corporation –Owned by Annette Murphy family VTLS – tech spin-off from Virgina Tech, wholly owned by Vinod Chachra VTLS – tech spin-off from Virgina Tech, wholly owned by Vinod Chachra These companies not under the control of external financial interests These companies not under the control of external financial interests

Impact of Ownership Long term vs short tem interests Long term vs short tem interests Decision makers in tune with the needs of the customer base? Decision makers in tune with the needs of the customer base? Ability to understand libraries as business customers Ability to understand libraries as business customers –Serving non-profit organizations quite different It’s possible to operate a profitable company and stay true to the interest of library as customer It’s possible to operate a profitable company and stay true to the interest of library as customer

Revenue sources New ILS sales New ILS sales Maintenance support Maintenance support –15% purchase cost annually with inflation adjustments Non-ILS software Non-ILS software Library Services Library Services

Libraries Demand choice Current market narrowing options Current market narrowing options Consolidation working toward monopoly? Consolidation working toward monopoly? Many companies currently prosper in the library automation industry Many companies currently prosper in the library automation industry Room for niche players Room for niche players Domination by a large monopoly unlikely to be accepted by library community Domination by a large monopoly unlikely to be accepted by library community Monopoly would be subverted by Open Source or other cooperative movement Monopoly would be subverted by Open Source or other cooperative movement

The Chopping Block Horizon 8.0 (Mar 2007) Horizon 8.0 (Mar 2007) Horizon 7.x (Mar 2007) Horizon 7.x (Mar 2007) ENCompass (Jan 2006) ENCompass (Jan 2006) LinkFinderPlus (Jan 2006) LinkFinderPlus (Jan 2006) Taos (Dec 2001) Taos (Dec 2001) NOTIS Horizon (Jun 1994) NOTIS Horizon (Jun 1994)

Legacy Phase out DRA Classic DRA Classic Dynix Classic Dynix Classic MultiLIS MultiLIS INLEX/3000 INLEX/3000 Advance Advance PLUS PLUS VTLS Classic VTLS Classic NOTIS NOTIS PC Systems: Winnebago Spectrum, Follett Circ Plus, Athena, Concourse PC Systems: Winnebago Spectrum, Follett Circ Plus, Athena, Concourse

Key Business Perspective Given the relative parity of library automation systems, choosing the right automation partner is more important than splitting hairs over functionality. Given the relative parity of library automation systems, choosing the right automation partner is more important than splitting hairs over functionality. –Understanding of library issues –Vision and forward-looking development –Find a company you trust It’s important to choose a company that will survive It’s important to choose a company that will survive Vendor decisions can have major consequences: Vendor decisions can have major consequences: –SirsiDynix announces demise of Horizon 7.x, 8.x

Product and Technology Trends

Current state of library automation functionality The core ILS focused mostly on print resources and traditional library workflow processes. The core ILS focused mostly on print resources and traditional library workflow processes. Add-ons available for dealing with electronic content: Add-ons available for dealing with electronic content: –Link resolvers –Metasearch environments –Electronic Resource Management A loosely integrated environment A loosely integrated environment Labor-intensive implementation and maintenance Labor-intensive implementation and maintenance Most are “must have” products for academic libraries with significant collections of e-content Most are “must have” products for academic libraries with significant collections of e-content

The ILS is not dead Rumors of its demise are greatly exaggerated Rumors of its demise are greatly exaggerated A well-functioning automation system is essential to the operation of the library A well-functioning automation system is essential to the operation of the library Libraries have never needed automation more than today Libraries have never needed automation more than today

Comprehensive Automation The goal of the Integrated Library Systems involves the automation of all aspects of the library’s internal operations and to provide key services to library users. The goal of the Integrated Library Systems involves the automation of all aspects of the library’s internal operations and to provide key services to library users. We need to catch up to regain comprehensive automation for increasingly complex hybrid libraries with collections equally comprised of digital and print content and more complex and varied services We need to catch up to regain comprehensive automation for increasingly complex hybrid libraries with collections equally comprised of digital and print content and more complex and varied services

Why such fragmented automation? Maintenance alone not adequate to fund development of new products Maintenance alone not adequate to fund development of new products Libraries not willing to accept higher maintenance and support payments Libraries not willing to accept higher maintenance and support payments Business requirement to spin off new products Business requirement to spin off new products Can be counter to the need for more seamless, integrated, and comprehensive automation Can be counter to the need for more seamless, integrated, and comprehensive automation

Problems with current slate of automation components Development cycle behind current needs Development cycle behind current needs Very loosely coupled Very loosely coupled Diverse interfaces Diverse interfaces Not seamless to library users Not seamless to library users Multiple points of management for library staff Multiple points of management for library staff Long and complex cycles of implementation and integration Long and complex cycles of implementation and integration

The path forward? Development and redevelopment of library automation products needed Development and redevelopment of library automation products needed Libraries will need to work with commercial partners indefinitely Libraries will need to work with commercial partners indefinitely More sustainable development models needed More sustainable development models needed Realistic level of spending for automation relative to assets managed Realistic level of spending for automation relative to assets managed Find ways for libraries to be less vulnerable to business decisions made by companies Find ways for libraries to be less vulnerable to business decisions made by companies Libraries must assert their interests relative to the commercial companies Libraries must assert their interests relative to the commercial companies

Questions and Discussion