Cells

All living things: are made of cells obtain and use energy grow and develop reproduce on their own respond to their environment adapt to their environment

Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic units of both structure and function in living things. New cells are made only from existing cells.

All cells have: Plasma membrane (cell membrane) – thin layer that surrounds cells Cytoplasm – gel like material inside cells (the “juice”) Genetic material (DNA and/or RNA) Ribosome – organelle where proteins are made

Some cells have: Cell wall – a more rigid structure on the outside of some plasma membranes Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material (brain of the cell) Mitochondria – a membrane-bound organelle where energy is released (respiration)

Chloroplasts – a membrane-bound organelle (a type of plastid) where glucose is made (photosythesis) Rough endoplasmic reticulum – a membrane-bound organelle that transports proteins Golgi apparatus – a membrane- bound organelle that packages and processes proteins Vacuole – a membrane-bound organelle that stores water and nutrients

All cells fall into two categories of cells: 1. Prokaryotes Includes bacteria and Archaea 2. Eukaryotes Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists (like amoebas and paramecium)

All CellsProkaryotes Archaea Bacteria Eukaryotes ProtistsFungiAnimalsPlants

No membrane-bound organelles (“little organs” in cells) No nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplasts Have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and cell wall Unicellular Fossil evidence shows that bacteria have been on the earth for over 3.5 billion years

Plasma membrane-covering of ALL cells, lets material into and out of the cell. Cytoplasm-gel like substance found outside of the nucleus that holds the organelles in place Cytoskeleton-gives cell shape and holds organelles in place Ribosomes-make protein Organelles that are membrane bound (ex. mitochondria and chloroplasts) Fossil evidence shows that eukaryotic cells have been on the earth for approximately 1 billion years. Can be unicellular or multicellular

Cell – basic unit of structure and function (ex. nerve) Tissue – groups of cells that work together to perform a common function (ex. spinal cord or muscle cell) Organ – groups of tissues that work together to perform a common function (ex. brain or heart) Organ systems – groups of organs that work together to perform a common function (ex. cardiovascular or nervous system) Body – groups of organ systems