Animal Nutrition

Nutritional Requirement s  Undernourished –not enough calories  Overnourished –too many calories  Malnourished –missing one or more essential nutrients

Essential Nutrients  Essential Amino Acids  Essential Fatty Acids  Essential Vitamins  Essential Minerals

Essential Amino Acids  Found in proteins –20 different types  Nine essential in humans  all in animal proteins  vegetarians need to eat grains and beans

Essential Fatty Acids  Unsaturated fatty acids –used to make phospholipids for membranes

Essential Vitamins  Fat Soluble –stored in fat –K, A, D, E  Water Soluble –excreted in urine –B complex and C

Essential Minerals  Inorganic nutrients –Calcium & Phosphorous  bones –Iron  anemia –Iodine  thyroid hormones –Sodium, Chlorine, & Potassium  nerve function, water regulation

Food Types  Heterotrophic –Herbivores –Carnivores –Omnivores –Insectivores

Feeding Adaptations  Suspension Feeders

Feeding Adaptations  Substrate Feeders

Feeding Adaptations  Fluid Feeders

Feeding Adaptations  Bulk Feeders

Intracellular Digestion  Inside cells  All animals  Exclusive in: –Protista –Porifera

Extracellular Digestion  Outside cells  All animals above the sponges  Two Types –Gastrovascular Cavity –Alimentary Canal

Gastrovascular Cavity  One opening  Found in Cnidaria and Platyhelminth es

Alimentary Canal  Two openings  Allows for specialization –Mouth –Pharynx –Esophagus –Crop –Gizzard –Stomach –Intestine –Anus

Mammalian Digestion  Accessory Glands –salivary glands –pancreas –liver (emulsification) –gallbladder  Peristalsis  Sphincters  “Food” –bolus –acid chyme –feces

Macromolecule Digestion

Dentition and Diet  Nonmammal vertebrates  Carnivores –canines (grasping) –incisors (tearing) –molars and premolars  (crushing and grinding)  Herbivores  Omnivores

Digestive Tracts  Carnivores –shorter digestive system –small cecum  Herbivores –longer digestive system –large cecum