red and green are opposites

assume red and green cancel each other net color = neutral

take away one red

net color = 1 green

take away two red

net color = 2 green

net color = neutral

net color = 2 red

in this arrangement … green is trapped inside. Only red balls can be added or taken away…

color = 2 green

color = 1 red

color = ?

3 red

color = ?

3 green

Subatomic Particles (Table 2.1)

In order to understand what ions are, we need to know that…

the particles that make up atoms have either ___________________

+++++ net charge = ______ positive and negative are opposites they cancel each other out

+ the positive (+) particle is called a ______

the negative (-) particle is called an _______

+++++ in an atom, protons ( ) are in the center and electrons ( ) are on the outside +

+++++ only electrons ( ) can be added or taken away

+++++ this is an atom with 5 electrons and 5 protons

+++++ the atom is neutral net charge = ____

(-) and 5 (+) = zero charge (neutral)

+++++ charge = ?

+++++ charge = __________

+++++

++++ charge = ?

+++++ __________

WHEN REMOVING ELECTRONS THE RESULTING CHARGE IS __________ neutral 1+

THE RESULTING CHARGE IS _________ neutral 2 WHEN ADDING ELECTRONS

An atom with positive or negative charge is called an drum roll ____

Atoms without charge are called ______ Atoms with positive or negative charge are called _____

Notice that ONLY the number of e - changes The number of protons in an Atom NEVER changes (Only electrons are added or subtracted)

An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge. ______  ion with a positive charge. If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation. anion  ____________________________ Na 11 protons 11 electrons Na + 11 protons 10 electrons Cl 17 protons 17 electrons Cl - 17 protons 18 electrons

How do we know what charge our ion will have???? We need to look at our Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams -Most atoms on their own will form ions to complete their outer orbit (energy level)

Fluorine

Put simply - An atom wants to have a full outer orbit. To do this they can either: -Lose 1 or more electrons (cation + ) -____________ Or -Gain 1 or more electrons (anion - ) -____________

How do you know which it will be? It will be whatever is easier -If it has 1 valence electron it will lose 1 and lose its outer orbit  easier to lose 1 than gain 7 - If it has 7 valence electrons it will gain 1 to get 8  easier to gain 1 then lose 7!

Ions We will only be dealing with groups: ________________ **Generally speaking, elements on the left (metals and metalloids) will lose e’ to form cations while elements on the right (non-metals) will gain e’ to form anions **

10 n 0 How to properly draw ions - Draw Bohr- Rutherford Diagram Include protons and neutrons in nucleus Put square brackets around diagram Place charge top right

Naming Ions Positive Ions – __________________________ __________________________ e.g. Na+ = Sodium Ion Negative Ions – The name is determined by removing the end and adding ide e.g. Oxygen Ion = Oxide ion, Phosphorus Ion = Phosphide ion

Multivalent Ions -__________________________ (Copper, Iron) but also includes Tin (Sn) -______________ are possible therefore you need more information

Multivalent Ions – Write the name using Roman Numerals -If you are given the Symbol with the charge you can write the name but you must include ____________________________ - E.g. Cu 4+ = Copper (IV) ion - Ni 3+ = Nickel (III) ion -** I=1, II=2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7

Multivalent Ions – Write the Symbol given the name -__________________________ __________________________ -E.g. Lead (IV) = Pb 4+ -Cobalt (II) = Co 2+ -**Multivalent Ions will always be _________________________

ions make up the salt you put on your eggs in ions are required for your brain to function (ions allow you to see and understand this presentation) ions affect pH ions allow you to move ions keep your blood functioning the morning