Chapter 1 Chemistry and Matter

Different branches of Chemistry (no notes needed) Inorganic-substances that aren’t organic (lot of what we do in here) Inorganic-substances that aren’t organic (lot of what we do in here) Organic-organic (carbon containing) compounds Organic-organic (carbon containing) compounds Physical-properties and changes of matter and relation to energy Physical-properties and changes of matter and relation to energy Analytical-identification of components and composition of materials Analytical-identification of components and composition of materials Biochemistry-substances and processes occurring in living things Biochemistry-substances and processes occurring in living things Theoretical-use of math and computers to understand principles behind chemical behavior and to design and predict properties of new compounds Theoretical-use of math and computers to understand principles behind chemical behavior and to design and predict properties of new compounds

In your notebook Using the ideas from your worksheet (and book if needed) make a concept map for the following Using the ideas from your worksheet (and book if needed) make a concept map for the following Matter Matter Atom Atom Molecule Molecule Element Element Compound Compound Pure Substance Pure Substance Mixture Mixture

Chemistry is… … the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O 2  2 CO H 2 O + Energy Reactants  Products

Matter Chemistry is… Chemistry is… …the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes Matter is Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space Mass is a Mass is a measure of the amount of matter

Types of Matter Pure Substance- a single element or compound Pure Substance- a single element or compound Mixture- contain more than one kind of matter Mixture- contain more than one kind of matter

Classification of Matter Pure Substance Pure Substance  Fixed Composition  A single compound or element Mixtures Mixtures  A blend of two or more kinds of matter, each with its own properties  Components of mixtures can be separated using physical properties  Can be heterogeneous or homogeneous

Building Blocks of Matter Atom Atom   The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element Element Element   A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Building Blocks of Matter Compound Compound   A substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded Sucrose – C 12 H 22 O 11 Sucrose is also known as table sugar, and is used to make Gummy Bears!

Physical Properties A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance

States of Matter

Solids Solids  very low kinetic energy - particles vibrate but can’t move around  Retains size and shape  Definite shape and volume

States of Matter Liquids Liquids  low kinetic energy - particles can move around but are still close together  Takes the shape of its container  definite volume

States of Matter Gases Gases  high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container  Easily compressed  No definite shape  No definite volume

States of Matter… What about What about “dry” ice… Gases are affected by temperature and pressure…. Gases are affected by temperature and pressure…. Class demo… Class demo…

States of Matter Plasma Plasma  very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-)  gas-like, variable shape & volume  stars, fluorescent light bulbs

Some Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases Property Solid Liquid Gas Shape Has definite shapeTakes the shape of Takes the shape the container of its container Volume Has a definite volumeHas a definite volume Fills the volume of the container Arrangement of Fixed, very closeRandom, close Random, far apart Particles Interactions between Very strongStrong Essentially none particles

Physical Change A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance. Examples: Phase Changes – boiling point, melting point, freezing point A substance dissolving in another substance - solubility

Chemical Properties Relates to a substances ability to undergo change that transform it into a different substance Relates to a substances ability to undergo change that transform it into a different substance  Ability to : combust, oxidize, neutralize, etc

Chemical Change A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances. Evidence of Chemical Change:  Change in Energy (Heat and or light given off)  Change in color  Production of gas  Precipitation of a solid (formation of an insoluble material)

Classification of Matter

Separation of Matter

Separation of a Mixture The constituents of the mixture retain their identity and may be separated by physical means.

Methods of Separating Mixtures Magnet Magnet Filter Filter Decant Decant Evaporation Evaporation Centrifuge Centrifuge Chromatography Chromatography Distillation Distillation

Filtration separates a liquid from a solid Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry  2002, page 40

Separation of a Mixture The components of dyes such as ink may be separated by paper chromatography. This uses a solvent to dissolve the substance and paper to separate out the different dye molecules by size.

Setup to heat a solution Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry  2002, page 42 This is used to evaporate off a liquid (usually water) from a dissolved substance

A Distillation Apparatus Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter, 3 rd Edition, 1990, page 282

Centrifugation Spin sample very rapidly: denser materials go to bottom (outside) Spin sample very rapidly: denser materials go to bottom (outside) Separate blood into serum and plasma Separate blood into serum and plasma Serum (clear) Serum (clear) Plasma (contains red blood cells ‘RBCs’) Plasma (contains red blood cells ‘RBCs’) Check for anemia (lack of iron) Check for anemia (lack of iron) Blood RBC’s Serum A B C AFTER Before

The Periodic Table Period Group or family

Periodic Table Groups or Families Groups or Families  Vertical columns  These elements have similar chemical properties Periods Periods  Horizontal rows

Metals and Nonmetals A zigzag line separates the metals from the nonmetals A zigzag line separates the metals from the nonmetals Metalloids, which straddle the line, are considered non-metals Metalloids, which straddle the line, are considered non-metals Lanthanide and Actinide Series Lanthanide and Actinide Series  Metals

Properties of Metals  Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity  Metals are malleable  Metals are ductile  Metals have high tensile strength  Metals have luster

Examples of Metals Potassium, K reacts with water and must be stored in kerosene Zinc, Zn, is more stable than potassium Copper, Cu, is a relatively soft metal, and a very good electrical conductor. Mercury, Hg, is the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature

Properties of Nonmetals… Carbon, the graphite in “pencil lead” is a great example of a nonmetallic element.  Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and or electricity  Nonmetals tend to be brittle  Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature (halogens and noble gases)

Examples of Nonmetals Sulfur, S, was once known as “brimstone” Microspheres of phosphorus, P, a reactive nonmetal Graphite is not the only pure form of carbon, C. Diamond is also carbon; the color comes from impurities caught within the crystal structure

Properties of Metalloids Metalloids straddle the border between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.  They have properties of both metals and nonmetals.  Metalloids are more brittle than metals, less brittle than most nonmetallic solids  Metalloids are semiconductors of electricity  Some metalloids possess metallic luster