Resisting Jim Crow By Christian, Clem, and Jayne

Intro: victims of white supremacist actions (lynching) Successful African Americans -Thomas Moss a grocer, death by lynching Individuals who had crossed the “color lines” -petty crimes against whites, conflicts with white business owners, being “not properly submissive”, assault -accusations of rape/attempted rape were placed upon African American men (less than 25% were true) -insulting a white person, theft, interracial relationships -A Light in August by William Faulkner Ida B. Wells-Barnett- anti-lynching crusader

Washington v. Du Bois (1903) Booker T. Washington Born in slavery Believed in temporarily accepting segregation to avoid violence Supported colleges (Tuskegee Institute) and schools for teaching, agriculture, and industrial arts- which would bring security in the economy and a steady middle-class for African Americans (challenging Jim Crow) W.E.B Du Bois Born in New-England (Harvard grad) Intolerant of segregation and believed that there was no reason for a gradual movement towards civil rights Felt strongly that African Americans should have the right to vote- “color discrimination = barbarism” Favored the idea of a well educated African American elite group to lead Jim Crow resistance The Souls of Black Folk

Women Against Jim Crow “Lifting as we climb” By 1900, more African American women were educated compared to men ‘Black women’s clubs’ (usually based in local church groups) and ‘self help organizations’ were formed by the working women of the community -led efforts with reform agenda: anti- lynching, female suffrage, higher education availability- “Black Women’s Club Movement” Association of Colored Women (NACW) Mary Church Terrell president – 1,000 clubs across the nation Black Parent Teachers Association, White Rose Industrial Mission, National association of Wage Earners, etc.

National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Integrated association founded by W.E.B. Du Bois in 1909 Primary voice in resisting Jim Crow Laws The Crisis by W.E.B. Dubois is a detailed report of lynches to throw the public away form lynching worked on civil liberties of blacks, representing black criminals and challenging exclusion of blacks from juries Civil rights activism in NAACP overthrew the “separate but equal” decision in Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education and overruling the Grandfathers clause of Oklahoma ( Guinn vs. US) Other cases included Moore vs. Dempsey 1923, Buchanan vs. Warley 1917, and Smith vs. Alright 1945 Ralph Bunche wrote Journal of Negro Education to agree with Du Bois decision to resign - led Bunche to organize the National Negro Congress in 1936

W.E.B. Du Bois and Ralph Bunche

Marvin Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association “Up You Mighty Race”

Marcus Garvey Influenced by Booker T. Washington’s self- help philosophy African Americans should look to their origin of Africa people Formed UNIA in Jamaica came to the U.S. with his arrival especially Harlem Had a meeting with KKK members and fully understood their position Referred all whites as Klansmen Disliked by NAACP and U.S. government and many black leaders because of beliefs –led to arrest and deportation from U.S. Influence Malcolm X

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Ceremonial tactics of the Catholic Church, Mormons, and Masons provided appeal – messages were in religious sermon form African Legionaries and Black Cross Nurses supported the UNIA Garvey’s newspaper the Negro World provided stories of blacks and proclaimed the idea of “Back to Africa” – program that aimed to liberate Africa from Europe and led to Black Star Line to bring black people to Southern Liberia (Tanzania)

Cultural resistance to Jim Crow

Music Cultural Defiance of Jim Crow was best represented in music Blues Ragtime Gospel Jazz

Music Performers like Billie Holiday protested discrimination in their performances “Strange Fruit”

Sports Athletes like Jesse Owens were proving themselves to the world.

Sports Jack JohnsonJackie Robinson

Harlem Renaissance “The new negro movement” Cultural ideas like literature, drama, music, art and dance celebrated black America. Celebrated black dignity, creativity and freedom of expression.