Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 1 Paternal Alcohol Use, Maternal Warmth and Psychosocial Outcomes among Adolescents Participating in.

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Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 1 Paternal Alcohol Use, Maternal Warmth and Psychosocial Outcomes among Adolescents Participating in a School-Based Substance Abuse Intervention Neta Peleg-Oren, Ph.D. Eric F. Wagner, Ph.D. Staci Leon Morris, Psy.D. C-BIRG, Florida International University, Miami, FL This work was supported in part by a grant funded by the NIAAA (R01 AA10245).

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 2 Monitoring the Future 2006: Use (Lifetime) 8 th 10 th 12th Alcohol ( any use) 40.5%61.5%72.7% Alcohol Past Year ( any use) 33.6%55.8%66.5% Been Drunk19.5%41.4%56.4% Any Illicit Drug(s) ( include Marijuana) 20.9%36.1%48.2% Cigarettes (any use) 24.6%36.1%47.1%

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 3 FL Youth Survey 2006 (FYSAS) (Lifetime) 8 th 10 th 12th Alcohol ( any use) 52.3%68.4%76% Been Drink27.5%37.2%47.1% Any Illict Drug(s) ( include Marijuana) 27.8%39.1%46.9% Cigarettes (any use) 27.5%37.2%47.1%

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 4 Monitoring the Future 2006: Abuse (in 30 days) 8 th 10 th 12th Binge Drinking (5+ drinks in a row in last 2 week) 10.9%21.9%26.5% Daily Alcohol Use 0.5%1.4%3.0% Daily Marijuana Use 1.0%2.8%5.0% =>½/day Pack Cigarettes 1.5%3.3%5.9%

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 5 FL Youth Survey (FYSAS) (in 30 days) 8 th 10 th 12th Binge Drinking (5+ drinks in a row in last 2 week) 12.8%22.3%32% Alcohol Use 27.7%40.7%52.2% Any Illict Drug(s) ( include Marijuana) 14.5%19.5%23.8% =>½/day Pack Cigarettes 9%13.1%20.1%

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 6 Prevalence of COA 11.6 million children (16% of children) exposed to alcohol problems Additional 2 million children exposed to an alcohol dependent parent (3% of children) (Ramisetty-Mikler & Caetano, 2004 based on 1995 National Alcohol Survey) 1 in 4 children exposed to alcohol or drugs in the family

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 7 Characteristics of COA Having a parent with a history of alcohol use problems has been associated with increased risk for problems with: Emotions (e.g., psychiatric disorder) Cognitions (e.g., stress coping) Social Skills (e.g., peer interaction) Behaviors (e.g., self-regulation)

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 8 COA-High Risk for Substance Use Genetic and non-genetic influences appear to contribute to the risk for substance use problems among COAs. COAs are 4-9 times more likely to develop SUDs than nonCOAs (Cloninger et al., 1981; Russell, 1990)

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 9 Definition of Maternal Warmth A mother’s general tendency to be supportive, affectionate, and sensitive to the child’s needs, express approval and direct positive emotions and behaviors toward the child (Zhou, et al., 2002).

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 10 Maternal Warmth (cont’d) Lack of maternal warmth may heighten the risk for substance use problems in adolescents (Cohen et al., 1994; Foxcroft & Lowe, 1991; Kandel & Davis, 1996; Ruchkin, et al., 2002). Family positive support and control have been found negatively associated with adolescent drinking (Foxcroft & Lowe, 1991).

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 11 Maternal Warmth (cont’d) High maternal warmth and expression of positive emotions have been linked to: Lower levels of hostility Fewer internalizing problems Fewer externalizing problems Positive social skills Better self-regulation (Eiden et al., 2004; Eisenberg et al., 2001; Kandel, 1980; Kochanska & Murray, 2000; Kochanska et al., 2000; Zhou, 2002).

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 12 Aim of the Study To examine paternal history of alcohol use problems (no use, moderate use, and heavy problematic use by the father) maternal warmth (low or high) as both independent and interactive predictors of psychosocial outcomes of high-risk, alcohol and drug using school youth

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 13 Alcohol Use, Maternal Warmth and Psychosocial Outcomes Independent Variables: 1. COA Status 2. Maternal Warmth 3. COA by Maternal Warmth Dependent Variables (Adolescent Functioning): 1. Psychiatric Disorders 2. Social Skills 3. Coping Skills 4. Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 14 Hypotheses Adolescents reporting lower maternal warmth will demonstrate significantly (a) more psychiatric disorders, (b) less adaptive coping skills, and (c) poorer social skills than adolescents reporting higher maternal warmth. COAs will demonstrate significantly (a) more frequent and heavier alcohol and drug use and (b) less adaptive coping skills than adolescents with no paternal history of substance use problems. The interaction of maternal warmth and COA status were explored (e.g., is maternal warmth even more predictive of outcomes for COAs vs. non-COAs?)

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 15 Present Study Cross sectional secondary analysis of data derives from an NIAAA-funded randomized clinical trial of school-based group intervention for adolescents with alcohol use problems (Westchester Model SAP). Data derived from self-reports collected at baseline from the adolescent. The primary analytic strategy was hierarchical multiple regression (HMR).

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 16 Sample Middle and high school students who: reported 6 or more occasions of substance use in the 6-month period prior to enrollment. reported 6 or more contacts per month with their fathers. From N = 214 students in the original study 171 (80%) met our above inclusion criteria.

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 17 Sample Demographics Mean age years 52% - middle schoolers 48% - high schoolers 42% - female 66% - non-Hispanic White, 21% Hispanic, 10% Black, and 3% “other”

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 18 Measures Adolescent substance use -Timeline Followback (TLFB) ( Sobell et al., 1980; Sobell & Sobell, 1992, 1996). COA Status - The Social Support Questionnaire (Richter et al.,1991) Study classified the participants into 3 groups. children of: (1) non-drinking fathers (32%) (2) light drinking fathers (37%) (3) heavy drinking fathers (31%)

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 19 Measures (cont’d) Maternal Warmth - The Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) ( Barnes & Olson, 1982): Open Family Communication and Problems in Family Communication. Psychiatric Disorders - The brief Michigan version of the CIDI (Kessler, et al., 1998) Coping Skills - The Revised Ways of Coping Checklist (RWCCL) (Vitaliano et al., 1985) Social Skills -The Teenage Inventory of Social Skills (TISS) (Inderbitzen & Foster, 1992)

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 20 Descriptive data of psychosocial functioning variables by COA status and maternal warmth groups. Parental Current Drinking Maternal Warmth* Non-DrinkingLight DrinkingHeavy Drinking Low High (n=55) (n=63) (n=53) (n= 85 ) (n= 81 ) MSD M M M M Age (years) Socioecono mic Status Psychiatric Disorders Adaptive Coping Poor Social Skills days alcohol frequency

Table2A: Summary of hierarchical multiple regression analyses (Maternal Warmth) 1a. Dependent variable: Psychiatric disorders. Independent variablesβ2 totalR2 change Demographic controls.09*.09* Maternal warmth *.04* 1b. Dependent variable: Coping skills Independent variablesβR2totalR2change Demographic controls Maternal warmth *.028* 1c. Dependent variable: Social skills Independent variablesβR2totalR2change Demographic controls.05*.05* Maternal warmth **.04* *p <.05; **p <.01.

Table 2B: Summary of hierarchical multiple regression analyses (COA Status) 2a. Dependent variable: 30-day frequency of alcohol use 3 months prior to assessment Independent variables β R2total R2change Demographic controls.06*.06* COA status **.04* 2b. Dependent variable: Proportion of “adaptive” coping skills (from total coping) Independent variables βR2totalR2change Demographic controls COA status *.03* *p <.05; **p <.01.

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 23 Results—COA In comparison to non-COAs, COAs reported significantly (p <.05): More frequent alcohol use Greater quantity per use occasion Less “adaptive” coping skills

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 24 Results –Maternal Warmth In comparison to teens reporting high maternal warmth, teens reporting low maternal warmth demonstrated significantly (p <.05): more psychiatric disorders less adaptive coping skills poorer social skills

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 25 Results—Interactions No significant interactions were found between paternal alcohol use problems and maternal warmth in predicting adolescent psychosocial adjustment.

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 26 Conclusion COAs have an increased risk for alcohol-related problems. Paternal alcohol use and low maternal warmth each contribute independently to adolescent adjustment. There was no evidence of interactive effects of these variables on adolescent adjustment. Therefore: Assessment of family history of alcoholism and maternal warmth is very important COA or low maternal warmth adolescents should be considered high-risk teen in need of specialized services.

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 27 Future Research Longitudinal study - the influence of maternal warmth and paternal history of alcohol use on adolescent adjustment over time. Identify additional personal and family characteristics which may contribute to psychosocial risk. Develop specialized interventions based on documented patterns of risk.

Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris 28 Thank you You were such a great audience !