PHOTOSYNTHESIS Converting Light Energy Into Food Cellular Respiration Solar energy made your way Mr. Taylor Interactive PowerPoint 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Click the link below to purchase the note packet that correlates to this PowerPoint. Each can be used independently. Students enjoy when both products are used together. Mr. Taylor’s Science Emporium of Knowledge http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Photosynthesis-Unit-Note-Packet-776092

PHOTOSYNTHESIS MR. TAYLOR, 2013 FOCUS QUESTIONS Explain what food is and how it maintains the life of an organism? What are the nutrients needed for your own body? What are the basic structures of a plant and how are their functions related to photosynthesis? Who was created for the discovery of the total mass of a plant’s growth PHOTOSYNTHESIS MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 What is food? You cannot live without this substance. This allows you to stay healthy, stimulate grown, and even synthesize energy. What am I? If you said _______you are correct. For us, food is usually some type of _____________ or _____________. It is any substance that you ____________ that provides ___________ and ___________ for your body.   The following are nutrients that your body needs: _______________________ Food Plant Animal Consume Energy Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 B. Let’s Eat? What happens when you eat food? Well, food contains complex ____________________ that are rich in ________________. If you think about food on an atomic level, it is simply ____________________ that is held together by ___________________. When you eat food, those chemical bonds break and ______________ into matter and energy that you need to build your body and maintain life.   Since we must get complex organic compounds from other animals and plants, we belong to a special group called _________________. Heterotrophs: __________________________________________________________ Organic compounds Stored energy Matter Chemical bonds Rearrange HETERTROPHS “Other feeding” unable to make their own food (use animals as food source) PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 2 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 C. WHAT ABOUT PLANTS? Since we are heterotrophs and must get our food from other plants and animals, how do plants get their food? Do plants eat like we do? If you answered no, then you are right! Plants do not eat at all. In fact, plants use the ________ from the _____ to obtain their food. Because of this, plants are called ____________. Another name for autotroph is called ___________.   Autotrophs: D. “LET’S KEEP IT SIMPLE!” Since plants make their own food, there are [4] things that plants need to grow: Energy SUN Autotrophs Self-feeders Any organism of self-nourishment by using inorganic materials as a source of nutrients Carbon dioxide Water Soil Sunlight PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 2 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS FLOWERS LEAVES STEMS ROOTS “Plants also need space to grow!” Reproduction structure found in plants (known as a bloom or blossom) LEAVES Major site for food production. Structures in the leaves convert sunlight into chemical energy STEMS Support for and the elevation of leaves, flowers, and fruits. Transport of fluids between roots and shoots in the xylem and phloem, storage of nutrients ROOTS Anchors the plant in place and prevents it from moving. Absorption of water and dissolved nutrients.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 D. Food for thought! “A historic Perspective!” Before the 1600’s, the common “_____________” answer to the questions of, “Where does plant get the food it needs to grow?” would be the _______. The reason why people thought this was because they compared the way humans eat food to that of a plant. Since humans take in food through their ___________, plants must take in their food form the soil through their _________. Assumed Soil Mouths roots PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

Jean Baptiste van Helmont Jean Baptiste van Helmont [1577-1644] PHOTOSYNTHESIS E. Jean Baptiste van Helmont Historically, when it comes to the nutrition of plants, in one of the first ever recorded experiments, a man by the name of ________________________ decided to test this soil-only assumption. His interest in soil led to an amazing discovery that would redefine the way people would look at plants forever.   Of the above (4) factors found on page 2, which do you think contributes most to the actual mass of the plant? Jean Baptiste van Helmont WATER Jean Baptiste van Helmont [1577-1644] PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 F. Revisiting the “Scientific Method” The question to be studied by Helmont is: Based on the question and answer above, write a hypothesis or prediction that will help guide an experiment to be performed. Remember your hypothesis should be in an “If, then…” statement. To determine where the mass of a plant comes from or how plants increase in size Hypothesis :   If… you add water to a plot of soil, then…. The plant will increase in size PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 G. Helmont’s Willow Experiment Dry ___________ of soil in a pot Plant a willow shoot (piece of a willow tree) that weighted a total of __________ in the soil. Water the willow every day for ____________. After 5 years, he weighed the tree and soil (separately)   I. Data and Results His data and results can be seen to the right J. Analysis and Conclusions How much weight did the tree gain? ________ What can you conclude about the relationship between soil mass and plant mass? 200 Ibs 5 Ibs 5 years A little of the soil was consumed, but the weight of the tree greatly increased. 200 Ibs PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 How much weight did the tree gain? ________ What can you conclude about the relationship between soil mass and plant mass? Did the plant mass come from the soil? ______ How do you know? Following Helmont’s experiment, there have been many others by a variety of curious people from different professions. Such professions included: _______________________ Today, what is known as photosynthesis is very different from what people once thought was true. 200 Ibs A little of the soil was consumed, but the weight of the tree greatly increased. No It was the water that the plant used to grow, along with the minerals in the soil. The weight loss was due to the use of water and minerals. CLERGYMAN ENGINEER BIOCHEMIST PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 C. Photosynthesis “Solar Energy!”   In simple terms, photosynthesis is a process used by plants to convert ____________ energy into ____________ energy that is used as ________ to fuel the organisms’ activities. This light energy is produced by the ________. Since plants are _____________, they are able to make their own _____________________. These compounds are rich in __________. Specifically, plants make simple sugars called _____________. The chemical formula for glucose is: Light Chemical Food Sun Autotrophs Carbon compounds CO2 Glucose C H 0 6 12 6 PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

BIOPOINTS $ Name 5 nutrients that your body needs to surive? $ What is the difference between a heterotroph and autotroph? $ Name for things a plants needs to grow? $ Explain Helmont’s willow experiment? $ Define “PHOTOSYNTHESIS?”

PHOTOSYNTHESIS MR. TAYLOR, 2013 FOCUS QUESTIONS What is the chemical formula for glucose? What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis? Where does oxygen come from? What is the green pigment responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy? What are the different players for photosynthesis to occur? PHOTOSYNTHESIS MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 Using the ______ in the air, plants get the ____________ necessary for these glucose molecules. As supported by experiments in the 1700’s, plants release ___________, 02 as a waste product. This waste product allows animals, including humans, to stay alive.   So where does the oxygen come from? Putting it together “The basics!” Plants must have _______ to convert ________ to ____________ and produce ____________. Scientists discovered that photosynthesis requires a green pigment where this chemical reaction takes place. This pigment is called ____________ CO2 Carbon Oxygen The oxygen plants produce comes from water molecules that get split apart, not from carbon dioxide Light CO2 Glucose Oxygen Chlorophyll PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 D. Chloroplasts & Chlorophyll In plant cells, food is made from green organelles in the cytoplasm called ________________. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment called _________________. Once again, chlorophyll captures light energy that is used to make glucose. The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur within the chlorophyll-containing chloroplasts found in plant leaves and stems. Photosynthesis is considered to be the “Single most important chemical reaction that occurs on Earth” To understand photosynthesis, you need to understand and organize the 6 different players associated with the reaction. Chloroplasts Chlorophyll PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 As a review, the players associated with photosynthesis are as follows: _______________________ Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Light Energy Chlorophyll Water Glucose 6 CO2 6 H20 C6H12O6 6 02 PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS F. Light energy + water + carbon dioxide  glucose + oxygen The energy for life comes primarily from the _____. Photosynthesis provides a vital connection between the Sun and the ___________ needs of living systems. Plants are not the only ones that make food from the sun. The following carryout photosynthesis: ______________________ What happens to the sugar produced? Plant cells use the organic compounds, such as ___________, from photosynthesis in 2 ways: Sun Energy Plants Algae Single-celled organisms Glucose Generate ATP molecules during cellular respiration. Glucose is used as a raw material for building more complex molecules PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

Process of releasing the energy in chemical bonds PHOTOSYNTHESIS Cellular Respiration: Using Glucose to Produce ATP Molecules Plants use glucose to generate high energy molecules known as _____. This process occurs during ________________________. ATP and not the glucose actually run cell processes in both ____________ and _____________.   Process of releasing the energy in chemical bonds ATP Cellular respiration Plants Animals All organisms use organic food compounds to supply the ATP energy they need to live. PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 I. Using Glucose to Build Complex Molecules Cells can use glucose as a starting point for ___________ (chemical combining) that forms complex organic compounds. Plants store much of the glucose from photosynthesis as _________. When animals, including us, eat plants or other animals, they digest the _______________ molecules into _____________ molecules for their own cells to use. Some of these molecules, such as starches from plants and fats from animals, can both be digested and used right away for ___________. If they are not used right away, the molecules can be stored as ______ to provide a _______________ for the animals that consumed the complex molecules. Synthesis Starch Complex Simpler Energy Fat Food Reserve PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 The Rate of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis follows the same rules as any other chemical reaction. In this case, photosynthesis can occur at different rates. The following are factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs: TEMPERATURE When temperature increases, molecules move more quickly. The rate at which a reaction occurs also increases. At temperatures higher than 35C, the rate of photosynthesis reactions decreases. Higher temperatures begin to destroy the enzymes needed for the reactions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 The Rate of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis follows the same rules as any other chemical reaction. In this case, photosynthesis can occur at different rates. The following are factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs: C02 CONCENTRATION Because CO2 is used by plants in photosynthesis reactions, increasing the concentration of CO2 in the air around a plant usually increase the rate of photosynthesis PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 The Rate of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis follows the same rules as any other chemical reaction. In this case, photosynthesis can occur at different rates. The following are factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs: LIGHT INTENSITY An increase in light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis in a leaf until a maximum rate of photosynthesis is reached. Beyond that level, additional light has no further effect. PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 The Rate of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis follows the same rules as any other chemical reaction. In this case, photosynthesis can occur at different rates. The following are factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs: WATER Even though only a small amount of water is needed for photosynthesis, a shortage of water slows the process. Also, when water is scarce, the stomatas close. The rate at which the gases CO2 and O2 can be exchanged is therefore reduced, and photosynthesis is slowed. PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 The Rate of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis follows the same rules as any other chemical reaction. In this case, photosynthesis can occur at different rates. The following are factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs: MINERALS Certain minerals are important for photosynthesis reactions. Magnesium and nitrogen are needed to make chlorophyll molecules. Zinc, manganese, iron, and copper are needed for some of the reactions. The total absence of any one of these minerals would have a negative effect on the entire process of photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 K. Photosynthetic Factories: “Plant Leaves!” Plants have structures that maximize exposure to light through the __________________________. These structures are called _____________. Leaves serve to function as a control system, controlling the amount of _____________ to the _____. This also allows for the movement of ______ and ______ into and out of each leaf.   If you look at chloroplasts, a typical leaf contains approximately _____ in each cell. To the left, you will see a cross section of a single chloroplast that shows many ______________________________. These stacks are called ________________ membranes. One of the two main steps of photosynthesis occurs in these membranes. The second step occurs in the ___________________ in the spaces between the membranes. _________________ molecules are embedded in these membranes. Amount of chlorophyll Leaves Water loss Air O2 CO2 60 Stacks of membranes Thylakoid Liquid Material Chlorophyll PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

BIOPOINTS $ Type your assessment question here…

PHOTOSYNTHESIS MR. TAYLOR, 2013 FOCUS QUESTIONS What is the difference between the electromagnetic spectrum and the visible light spectrum? Define refraction and explain how it relates to the visible light spectrum? What is the relationship between the wavelength and energy level of different colors of light? What is the “order” of the visible light spectrum? Explain what happens during the death of leaves? How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis? PHOTOSYNTHESIS MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 L. “Light and all its wonder!” Based on ______________ reactions in the sun, it takes only ____ minutes for sunlight to travel a distance of _____________ kilometers to strike the leaf of a plant on earth. Light is simply _____________________ called _________. A photon is a fundamental particle, like atoms, that ______________________ and allow for long distance interactions. We see visible white light and know that it is composed of a _____________ of colors that make it up. To separate visible white light, you can use a tool called a _________. Thermonuclear 8 150 Million Packets of energy Photons Cannot be divided Spectrum Prism PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 A prism is a glass object which allows light to pass through it. When light passes from the air into glass, it __________________. As it leaves, it ____________. If the light hits the glass at an angle, it undergoes _______________.   Refraction: As the light travels through the prism, the light gets ______ at the surface. As the light leaves the prism, the same thing happens and the light bends again. The different ____________________ each get bent at slightly different angles. This causes the different colors to ______________ and become a distinct ______________. Slows Down Speeds Up Refraction Angle at which light hits the glass is not the same as the angle it travels inside the glass PRISM Bent Colors of Light Spread Out Spectrum PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 Each color in the spectrum has a different _________________. The amount of __________ in light depends on its wavelength.   Key Point to remember: Example: Using the illustration above, circle which of the following photons of light has the most energy. In the box to the right, explain why you picked your answer in the example above. Wavelength Energy The _______________ the wavelength, the ______________ its energy level! Shorter Higher ANSWER: Violet has the shortest wavelength. Therefore, it has the heist energy or frequency. Red B. Violet C. Green   PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM PHOTOSYNTHESIS M. The Visible Spectrum of Light What is visible light? The range of colors in the spectrum of visible light includes: The Electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. It is the light from the Electromagnetic spectrum that you can see only RED ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE Remember we can NOT see radio waves because it does not exist within the visible light spectrum. VIOLET PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 A good way to remember the order of increasing energy for the visible light spectrum is the following: ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______ The ______________ in plants are sensitive to the _________ visible colors of light. Plant Pigments R O Y G B V Pigments Same A substance in a plant that imparts coloration. They are involved in light harvesting and energy transfer in photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 N. Light Spectrum in Plants The leaf of a plant either ______________ or _____________ a particular color of light. A red apple _________ all colors of light except ______. It reflects red light, sending it away from its surface. That is why the apple appears red.   The photosynthetic pigment ______________ absorbs all colors of the light except __________. Plant leaves appear green because they reflect green light. Through evolution, plants have developed other pigments that use some of the ____________________________________ that chlorophyll does not. Absorbs Reflects Absorbs Red Chlorophyll Green Wavelengths of Light PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

Plants stop making chlorophyll PHOTOSYNTHESIS O. The death of leaves Plants need __________ weather to make chlorophyll. When summer passes into autumn and ________________ temperatures arrive, _____________________________________.   The chlorophyll begins to break down and green light is no longer ______________. The other pigments last a little longer, and the beautiful fall colors of the leaves (yellow, orange, and red) become visible. The colors of the autumn leaves are a result of ___________ leaves and the _____________ of pigments that are now shown when chlorophyll is no longer masking them. Warm Cool Plants stop making chlorophyll Reflected Dying Chemistry PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS X. Light Reactions Photons of light energy are captured by __________________________ embedded the membranes.   In the molecules, the sun’s energy is converted from ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­________________ to ______________________, in the form of _______ and another related molecule, ____________. The process that occurs on these membranes also involves the ___________________________ and the _______________________. Photolysis: Because light is needed for these steps, these are called the _____________________ reactions. Chlorophyll molecules Light Energy Chemical Energy ATP NADPH Splitting of Water Molecules Release of Oxygen Splitting of water that occurs in the presence of light Light Dependent Energy PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013 Y. Calvin Cycle [Dark Reactions] The Calvin Cycle occurs in the of the chloroplast.   A complex set of enzymes catalyze reactions that use the energy stored in and molecules to produce glucose. These reactions make glucose from CO2 and water. This is where carbon fixation occurs. Carbon Fixation: Carbon fixation is the single most important way in which inorganic matter from the world around us, mainly CO2 in the air, gets turned into organic carbon compounds that make up the bodies of all living things. They do not use light and so are called reactions. Stoma ATP NADPH Is the conversion of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms. DARK PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

BIOPOINTS $ Type your assessment question here…