Colonialism & The American Revolution SS.A.3.4.3; SS.C.1.4.1; SS.A.3.4.6

Colonialism In Latin America Portugal dominates Brazil Portugal dominates Brazil Spain controls most of South & Central America, and parts of North America Spain controls most of South & Central America, and parts of North America –In Central & South America emerges a new civilization called Latin America  Intermarriage between Spanish and Natives (mestizos)  8 million African slaves, intermarry (mulattoes)  Different races mixing brings multiculturalism Spain & Portugal grow rich from American gold and silver, as well as farming Spain & Portugal grow rich from American gold and silver, as well as farming

Latin American Economy Farming controlled by large land owners Farming controlled by large land owners Natives work on large plantations for Spanish and Portuguese, or small farms Natives work on large plantations for Spanish and Portuguese, or small farms Raw materials shipped to Europe: Raw materials shipped to Europe: –Sugar, diamonds, tobacco, animal hides By 1700s, Britain and France establish small claims in Latin American market By 1700s, Britain and France establish small claims in Latin American market

Church & State Lack of communication and travel makes it hard for Spain & Portugal to control Latin American colonies; local gov. have power Lack of communication and travel makes it hard for Spain & Portugal to control Latin American colonies; local gov. have power Spain & Portugal wish to “Christianize” Natives—Catholic Church plays big role Spain & Portugal wish to “Christianize” Natives—Catholic Church plays big role –Catholic Missionaries grouped natives into missions, where they could be taught Christianity, trades, and grow crops Women can be educated as nuns Women can be educated as nuns

Britain & British North America The United Kingdom of Great Britain= England & Scotland (1707) The United Kingdom of Great Britain= England & Scotland (1707) King & Parliament share power, king guides Parliament but most power with PM King & Parliament share power, king guides Parliament but most power with PM Hanover Dynasty (German), gains power, Parliament gains more power Hanover Dynasty (German), gains power, Parliament gains more power Prime Minister William Pitt speaks for middle class: “expand trade, empire” Prime Minister William Pitt speaks for middle class: “expand trade, empire” British government “controls” colonies, but Americans elect legislatures to run them, avoid British intrusion in their business British government “controls” colonies, but Americans elect legislatures to run them, avoid British intrusion in their business

Revolution In The Air Britain wants to pay for Seven Years’ War by taxing American colonists Britain wants to pay for Seven Years’ War by taxing American colonists 1765: Stamp Act, repealed in 1766, but damage done 1765: Stamp Act, repealed in 1766, but damage done 1774: First Continental Congress, Philly 1774: First Continental Congress, Philly 1775: Fighting begins at Lexington 1775: Fighting begins at Lexington 1776: Second Continental Congress declares independence, Thomas Jefferson 1776: Second Continental Congress declares independence, Thomas Jefferson Continental Army unorganized Continental Army unorganized

War For Independence Many European powers see helping Americans as way to spite British Many European powers see helping Americans as way to spite British –France: arms, money, officers for training; king recognizes the United States (1778) –Spain & The Netherlands also offer support 1781: General Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at Yorktown 1781: General Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at Yorktown 1783: Treaty of Paris ends war, establishes an independent American state 1783: Treaty of Paris ends war, establishes an independent American state

Birth Of A New Nation 13 American colonies are independent 13 American colonies are independent –Each state looking out for itself Deep fear of powerful central government Deep fear of powerful central government –Little desire to unite into one country Articles of Confederation, too weak Articles of Confederation, too weak 1787: Constitutional Congress meets in Philadelphia to write new rules for gov based on Enlightenment ideals 1787: Constitutional Congress meets in Philadelphia to write new rules for gov based on Enlightenment ideals

The Constitution of the United States of America Creates federal system where national and state governments share power Creates federal system where national and state governments share power –National Government: raise taxes, army, print money, regulate trade Checks & Balances: Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches all have different roles Checks & Balances: Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches all have different roles Constitution must be ratified by at least nine states, many votes were very close Constitution must be ratified by at least nine states, many votes were very close

The Bill of Rights Many states would not ratify without it Many states would not ratify without it First 10 Amendments to Constitution First 10 Amendments to Constitution –Freedoms: speech, press, assembly, religion, petition, bear arms –Rights: trial by jury, due process of law, against cruel and unusual punishment, against unlawful search and seizure European intellectuals see American Constitution as the living ideal of Enlightenment thinking European intellectuals see American Constitution as the living ideal of Enlightenment thinking

Work On It: On page 540, write and answer questions 1, 2, 4, 5, & 6