Agricultural Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicator: OECD Experience by Takeo MAKINO Directorate for Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries, OECD EEA, Copenhagen February 2003

Greenhouse Gas Emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent, CO 2 CH 4 N2ON2O Others: (HFCs, PFCs, SF 6 ) Total OECD total emissions (million tonnes) Emissions from agriculture (million tonnes) Share of agriculture (%) (82%) (10%) 929 (2%) 224 (2%) (5%) 557 (47%) 560 (48%)

Main sources of Agricultural GHG (OECD countries, ) Fuel combustion (7%) Livestock enteric fermentation (33%) Livestock waste (13%) Agricultural soil (45%) Other crop sector (2%) Crop production 47% Others (fuel combustion) 7% Livestock farming 46%

Gross emissions of greenhouse gases from agriculture % change to in CO 2 equivalent

GHG: Change emissions from livestock and rice production in OECD countries, 1990 to 2020

GHG: Related Information Capacity of agriculture in sequencing (removing) carbon in soils OECD Expert Meeting on Soil Organic Carbon Indicators for Agricultural Land (15-18 October 2002, Ottawa, Canada) Fossil fuels with biomass energy OECD Workshop on Biomass and Agriculture (10-13 June 2003, Vienna, Austria)

Ammonia Emissions Share of agriculture: over 90 % Main sources in agriculture i) Livestock manure management: over 80 % Animal husbandry management Manure storage system Manure application on agricultural land ii) Inorganic fertilisers application

Ammonia Emissions: as acidifying pollutants

% Czech Republic Hungary Poland Denmark Netherlands Austria Germany United Kingdom Luxembourg Finland EU Italy France OECD Belgium Norway Ireland United States Canada Sweden Change in ammonia emissions from agriculture: to

Agricultural Ammonia Emissions Indicators: Future Work Country coverage: Extend to non-European countries Linkage to the nitrogen balance indicators: Agricultural ammonia emission in the context of overall nitrogen cycle “Decoupling” indicators: Environmental pressure (EP) Change in: vs. Driving force (DF) e.g. economic growth 1 - EP/DF end EP/DF start

Decoupling Indicators: Agricultural ammonia emissions and Livestock output Livestock output (USD) NH 3 emissions (tonnes) Index =100