Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 14: Lymphatic System and Immunity

Specific Defense: The Immune Response Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Characteristics:  Antigen specific: for a particular foreign substance  Systemic: affects entire body  Has memory: protects against future infection

Types of Immunity Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Humoral immunity  Targets bacteria  B-lymphocytes  Cell-mediated immunity  Targets virus infected cells, cancer  T-lymphocytes

Antigens (Non-self) Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Any substance capable of:  exciting the immune system  provoking an immune response  Any “foreign” protein  Anything that is not “you”

Cells of the Immune Response Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lymphocytes  B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow  Make plasma cells that make antibodies  T lymphocytes mature in the thymus  Memory Cells: from B or T cells  Macrophages  Arise from monocytes  Most live in lymphoid organs

Cells of the Immune Response Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allergies: FYI Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Some molecules are not antigenic, but link up with our proteins  The immune system may recognize these as “foreign”  The immune response is harmful in this instance  because it attacks our own cells

Activation of Lymphocytes; FYI Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.9

Vaccinations and Booster Shots: FYI Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Memory cells are long-lived  First response: Ab production  Secondary response: more Ab production  Stronger Figure 12.11

Antibody Structure: for Lab… Slide 12.38a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Four peptides linked by covalent bonds  Two heavy chains  Two light chains  Recombinant DNA! Figure 12.13b

Organ Transplants and Rejection: FYI Slide 12.46a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Major types of grafts  Autografts – “self graft”, i.e., skin graft  Isografts – tissue grafts from an identical twin  Allografts – tissue taken from an unrelated person  Xenografts – tissue taken from a different animal species

Organ Transplants and Rejection: FYI Slide 12.46b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Autografts and isografts are ideal donors  Xenografts are never successful  Allografts are more successful with a closer tissue match

Disorders of Immunity: Immunodeficiencies (FYI) Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Production or function of immune cells or complement is abnormal  May be congenital or acquired  Includes AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Autoimmune Diseases (FYI) Slide 12.50a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The immune system does not distinguish between self and non-self  The body produces antibodies and sensitized T-lymphocytes that attack its own tissues

Autoimmune Diseases: FYI Slide 12.50b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Examples:  Multiple sclerosis  Myasthenia gravis  Type I diabetes  Rheumatoid arthritis  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)  Glomerulonephritis