Transportation Security: The Threat, The Challenges and Our Next Steps Eva Lerner-Lam Chair, ASCE Transportation Security Committee American Society of Civil Engineers Infrastructure Security of the Built Environment Washington, DC November 6, 2002 PALISADES

Critical Importance of Transportation Evacuation and Recovery Evacuation and Recovery Includes: trucking, shipping, ports, distribution centers, highways, bus and rail transit, waterways, airport landside, etc. Includes: trucking, shipping, ports, distribution centers, highways, bus and rail transit, waterways, airport landside, etc. Disruptions in the transportation network can have significant regional, and possibly national, impacts Disruptions in the transportation network can have significant regional, and possibly national, impacts

PALISADES The Threat is Real Landside airport, railroads and public transportation are particularly vulnerable 76 percent of Americans are concerned about traveling by highway, train, or public transit inside the United States (USDOT BTS Feb 2002)

PALISADES Types of Threats Armed Assault Armed Assault Hostage Taking Hostage Taking Chemical Release On Board or In Facility Chemical Release On Board or In Facility Explosive On Board or In Facility Explosive On Board or In Facility Chemical Outside Chemical Outside Explosive Outside Explosive Outside Cyber Attack on Control Systems Cyber Attack on Control Systems

PALISADES The Challenge of Protecting Complex, Open Transportation Systems Transportation services are networks that comprise a SYSTEM. Transportation services are networks that comprise a SYSTEM. Our national transportation SYSTEM is complex: Our national transportation SYSTEM is complex:  Multi-jurisdictional modes  Multi-modal jurisdictions OPENNESS is critical to efficiency and effectiveness of the SYSTEM OPENNESS is critical to efficiency and effectiveness of the SYSTEM

PALISADES The Challenge of Protecting our Complex, Open Transportation System The System is “only as strong as the weakest link” The System is “only as strong as the weakest link” Weak links can be: Weak links can be:  Intermodal (e.g., bomb planted in truck at distribution center destined for highway bridge)  Locational (e.g., passengers with explosives or chemical devices boarding Amtrak in remote station stop)

PALISADES The Challenge of Protecting our Complex, Open Transportation System Weak Links, con’d Weak Links, con’d  Procedural (e.g., IT password systems)  Human error (e.g., the “sleeping guard” at a rail maintenance yard)  Cyber Space (e.g., cyber disruptions in command and control would affect train, bus and other vehicle operations)

PALISADES Additional Challenges Policy Making Policy Making  “Policy Paralysis” On-the-Ground On-the-Ground  Interdependencies with other critical infrastructures (gas, power, telecommunications, etc.)  Lack of Standards and Adequate Training

PALISADES Meeting the Challenges Deliberate Deliberate  Keep focused on the (moving) target  Leverage skill sets of others (policy, research, planning, design, engineering, construction, operations, maintenance, etc.)…support TISP!  Communicate, communicate, communicate Thorough Thorough  One step at a time, on many fronts…(devil is in the details)

PALISADES Meeting the Challenges, con’d. Be aware of the threats to transportation (“situational awareness” is as important as “policy awareness”) Be aware of the threats to transportation (“situational awareness” is as important as “policy awareness”) Understand the effects of individual actions Understand the effects of individual actions  on the overall transportation system (WTC and Pentagon attacks started in Boston and Newark)  on ourselves (Spiderman’s “lesson learned”) Share information, educate and train (ASCE’s security objectives) Share information, educate and train (ASCE’s security objectives)

PALISADES Some Key Components to Transportation Security Counter-Terrorism Counter-Terrorism Technology Technology Planning, Training and Drills Planning, Training and Drills Standards Standards Professional Societies Professional Societies The Civil Engineer The Civil Engineer

PALISADES Role and Importance of Counter- Terrorism Intelligence Collection and Analysis, including: Intelligence Collection and Analysis, including:  Due Diligence on Vendors, Contractors and Employees  Surveillance of Reconnaissance Activities Visible Patrols Visible Patrols Pre-Emptive Arrests or Assaults Pre-Emptive Arrests or Assaults

PALISADES Role and Importance of Technology “One more tool” in the security toolbox. “One more tool” in the security toolbox. Uses: Uses:  Intelligence gathering  Positive identification and location Must always be used with human judgment. Must always be used with human judgment.

PALISADES Role and Importance of Planning, Training and Drills Emergency Response Procedures Emergency Response Procedures Consequence Management Systems Consequence Management Systems Coordination and team building across disciplines Coordination and team building across disciplines

PALISADES Role and Importance of Standards Policies and Procedures Policies and Procedures Training Training Equipment Equipment Software Software Communications Communications Record-keeping Record-keeping Data Data

PALISADES Role and Importance of Professional Societies Information Sharing Information Sharing Education Education Training Training Development of Guidance for Practitioners and Regulators Development of Guidance for Practitioners and Regulators

PALISADES Role and Importance of the Civil Engineer Consider “security” as a critical element in the planning, design and engineering of transportation infrastructure and operations Consider “security” as a critical element in the planning, design and engineering of transportation infrastructure and operations Use Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles: Use Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles:  Natural access control  Natural surveillance  Territorial reinforcement

PALISADES Role and Importance of the Civil Engineer “Good security and infrastructure hardening measures may not completely eliminate crime or terrorism or danger to travelers but good design will reduce the risk and consequences.” —Ronald S. Libengood, CPP SecuraComm LLC

PALISADES ASCE Transportation Security Committee Cross-cutting committee of the new Transportation and Development Institute of ASCE Cross-cutting committee of the new Transportation and Development Institute of ASCE Two Task Committees: Two Task Committees:  Transportation Operations Security  Transportation Infrastructure Security

PALISADES ASCE Transportation Security Committee Major Conference in 2004 Major Conference in 2004 Website Website Speakers’ Bureau Speakers’ Bureau White Paper Series White Paper Series User’s Guide Series on Transportation Security User’s Guide Series on Transportation Security National Teleconferences on transportation security topics National Teleconferences on transportation security topics

PALISADES Contacts Eva Lerner-Lam, Chair Eva Lerner-Lam, Chair Charles Barker, P.E., ARM, Vice Chair Charles Barker, P.E., ARM, Vice Chair Alain Kornhauser, Ph.D., P.E., Task Committee Chair for Transportation Operations Security Alain Kornhauser, Ph.D., P.E., Task Committee Chair for Transportation Operations Security Charles Neubauer, Ph.D., P.E., Task Committee Chair for Transportation Infrastructure Security Charles Neubauer, Ph.D., P.E., Task Committee Chair for Transportation Infrastructure Security Amar Chaker, Ph.D., P.E., ASCE Staff Contact Amar Chaker, Ph.D., P.E., ASCE Staff Contact

PALISADES Acknowledgements Charles Barker, P.E., George C. Sharp, Inc. Charles Barker, P.E., George C. Sharp, Inc. Ross Gill, USDOT Volpe Transportation Center Ross Gill, USDOT Volpe Transportation Center Lee Goldstein, Business Contingency Group, LLC Lee Goldstein, Business Contingency Group, LLC Ronald S. Libengood, CPP, Securacomm LLC Ronald S. Libengood, CPP, Securacomm LLC George Kovatch, Ph.D., P.E., Consultant George Kovatch, Ph.D., P.E., Consultant